scholarly journals Eurasian Economic Union: Achievement and Сhallenges of Integration

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-19
Author(s):  
L.  M. Grigor’ev ◽  
V. V. Brilliantova ◽  
V. A. Pavlyushina
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Planning System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Economic Reality ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
Trade And Investment

The question of Eurasian integration is of great interest to politicians and academics for many reasons. First, it is the only existing and developing integration association in the former Soviet Union. Second, this association is valid in the neighbourhood of the European Union. Thirdly, this association is close to the sphere of important trade and investment interests of China. And finally, it is important that the EAEU was formed after 2014 — the beginning of the “sanctions” period in the life of Russia and the world. Integration in the Eurasian space is a unique case when previously closely interconnected countries within the framework of the central planning system, having survived the collapse of the former economic reality and still being in a protracted transformation process, restore their economic ties in a new market environment. In the case of the CIS, reintegration has not developed for some political reasons, despite available economic conditions. In addition to the analysis of macroeconomic and institutional parameters of the countries, the article presents the results of the classification of the regions of four EAEU countries: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. To optimise the cross-country comparison, we simplified the classification by the peculiarities of the administrative division of other EAEU members.

Institutional Change in the East German Transformation Process: The Role of the State in the Reorganization of Property Rights and the Limits of Institutional Transfer

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Lehmbruch
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Transfer Payments ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
East German ◽  
Eastern European Countries

German social scientists have often stressed that the East German transformation was a process sui generis that differed strongly from the transformation paths of eastern European countries. This difference was of course mainly due to the integration of the former GDR into the Federal Republic of (West) Germany. Indeed, it is commonly assumed that the wholesale transfer of West German institutions left little room for the endogenous paths of transformation observed in eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The unintended outcome of this strategy of “exogenous” institutional change was a transformation crisis with the effect of a profound external shock. To be sure, this shock was mitigated by the simultaneous introduction of the West German “social net,” accompanied by massive transfer payments. But many of the dire predictions made by skeptical observers in 1990 have indeed come true.

scholarly journals Systematization of private international law in Ukraine and foreign countries: present state and tendencies

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 122-128
Author(s):  
Mykola Lazarenko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
Present State ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Countries

Systematization of private international law in Ukraine and foreign countries: present state and tendencies.The article deals with the comparative legal analysis of the systematization of the statutory provisions of private international law in the countries of the European Union and some countries of the former Soviet Union. The main arguments regarding different approaches to the systematization of private international law in Ukraine are outlined, as well as the main directions and tendencies of the codification processes of legislation in this area.

scholarly journals Partnerstwo dla Modernizacji w stosunkach niemiecko-rosyjskich

2018 ◽  
pp. 93-107
Author(s):  
Bogdan Koszel
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Angela Merkel ◽  
The Government ◽  
European Partner

Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia has become Germany’s main Central European partner. The economic interests and hopes of gigantic contracts to modernize the Russian economy have played a colossal role in German policy. The Government of Chancellor Angela Merkel aspired to shape the Eastern policy of the European Union, and it was highly favorable towards the strategy of Russian modernization to be implemented with the participation of Western partners, as proposed by President Medvedev in 2009. However, this project never went beyond the stage of preliminary agreements, and both sides are increasingly disappointed with its progress. Germany continues to aspire to play the role of the leading EU member state involved in the transformation process in Russia, yet this is no longer treated in terms of the ‘Russia first’ attitude without any reservations. Germans are becoming increasingly aware that their efforts are doomed to fail without true Russian efforts aimed at the democratization of both their public life and economic structures.

scholarly journals China’s “One Belt, One Road Initiative”: challenges and requirements for its successful implementation in Central Asia

2017 ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
Francisco Gómez Martos
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Trade Integration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Intergovernmental Cooperation

Twenty five years after the dissolution of the former Soviet Union and the reemergence of the Central Asian Republics as independent States, this region continues to be the scene of rivalries amongst the big powers (Russia, China, the European Union, USA, India, Japan, Turkey and Iran) competing in a sort of a “new Grand Game” to increase their geopolitical and economic influence in the region. Its geography, diverse and rich natural resources, like oil and gas, explain the ongoing hidden rivalries. Despite its common historical and cultural past, Central Asia constitutes a heterogeneous region with a multiethnic and multi-linguistic composition and a low degree of physical, economic and trade integration. The lack of mutual trust, the persisting tension over borders and the use and sharing of natural resources, as well as different levels of economic performance have so far jeopardized the development of genuine regional cooperation. Against this background, the idea behind the Chinese OBOR Initiative to develop rapid transportation, if well implemented, could theoretically, by improving interregional connectivity, develop the Central Asia regional market and foster intergovernmental cooperation and people-to-people contacts within the region. In this context, could we expect that the ambitious Chinese OBOR Initiative will boost geopolitical stability and promote shared economic and trade benefits in Central Asia? What are the conditions for that need to be fulfilled?The author analyzes in depth certain crucial political, economic and institutional requirements for the successful implementation of the OBOR Strategy and concludes, however, that three years after the launching of this crucial instrument of the Chinese “globalization without democracy” model, its implementation faces major problems and thus raises more doubts than certainties.

Classification of phraseological synonyms in English and Azerbaijani

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 134-137
Author(s):  
Dilara Rashid Khanbabayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
European Association ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
East German ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Given

The presented article deals with the classification of English synonyms. The notion of phraseology is wide.Here concepts of some distinguished scientists are presented in the given article. Phraseology (from Greek φράσις phrasis, "way of speaking" and -λογία -logia, "study of") is a scholarly approach to language which developed in the twentieth century. It took its start when Charles Bally's notion of locutions phraseologiques entered Russian lexicology and lexicography in the 1930s and 1940s and was subsequently developed in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. From the late 1960s on it established itself in (East) German linguistics but was also sporadically approached in English linguistics. The earliest English adaptations of phraseology are by Weinreich (1969) within the approach of transformational grammar, Arnold (1973), and Lipka. In Great Britain as well as other Western European countries, phraseology has steadily been developed over the last twenty years. The activities of the European Society of Phraseology (EUROPHRAS) and the European Association for Lexicography (EURALEX) with their regular conventions and publications attest to the prolific European interest in phraseology. European scholarship in phraseology is more active than in North America. Bibliographies of recent studies on English and general phraseology are included in Welte (1990) and specially collected in Cowie & Howarth (1996) whose bibliography is reproduced and continued on the internet and provides a rich source of the most recent publications in the field. Key words: phraseology,synonym,language,linguistics,scientist

The UNFC Concept and the Possibility of its Application in Azerbaijan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narmina Garayeva ◽  
Gasham Zeynalov ◽  
Elkhan Ahmadov ◽  
Agarza Hajiyev ◽  
Farid Rahimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Agenda 2030 ◽  
Hydrocarbon Reserves

Abstract Moving towards sustainable development, Azerbaijan joining SDG Agenda 2030 adheres to the policy of developing both hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon resources for economic diversification. At the same time, efficient resource management becomes a vital process at the governmental and transnational companies’ levels. Therefore, a competent classification and structuring of all reserves and resources will be inevitable soon to improve their accurate estimates and effective management in various aspects, including resource availability, technical feasibility, and environmental-socio-economic viability. The importance of the latter is indisputable since social and environmental stability is an essential component of the country's sustainable economic development policy. From this perspective, the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC) is seen as a tool to help accomplish these tasks and provide simple screening and verification procedures for evaluating future investment projects. Given that hydrocarbon reserves make a significant contribution to the economy, a study on the application and adaptation of UNFC to local petroleum resource management has been granted as a pilot project to assess the feasibility of its further implementation for other energy and mineral reserves and resources of the country. The UNFC current state analysis as a global standard for classifying energy and mineral resources and their applications is carried out to launch the project. The review covers various case studies, including the classification of hydrocarbon reserves and resources (HCRR) using UNFC (Mexico project, transition projects to the classification of the Russian Federation, etc.), as well as mineral resources in different countries. The research primary goal is to screen different approaches and techniques to assess the practicality of their application to petroleum reserves and resources of Azerbaijan in transferring currently used old Former Soviet Union HCRR classification to UNFC, possibly via PRMS. In addition, a Case Study Research based on the Field A data in Azerbaijan is conducted.

Does the Current State of Environmental Impact Assessment in Armenia Pose a Challenge for the Future?

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 1950004
Author(s):  
Sophya Geghamyan ◽  
Katarina Pavlickova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Environmental Impact Assessment ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Public Involvement ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current State

Many post-Soviet countries are still improving their Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) systems, and Armenia is no exception. In recent years, approximation to and harmonisation with the laws of the European Union has seen Armenia increasingly adopt and apply EU regulations and directives, and this process was supported by adoption of the new law on EIA and Expertise in 2014. The main objectives of this study are to review and analyse the current state of the Armenian EIA system and to assess its legal framework. We applied a method divided into two parts: review and analysis of the legislative aspects of the EIA system in Armenia and the circulation of a survey-questionnaire to EIA experts to establish current practices. The findings of this research provided positive and negative factors which can both be used to improve the assessment system in Armenia. While the most significant EIA strength combines the existence of a systematic law and public involvement in this process, the law has weaknesses in its monitoring, informative and quality control provisions. Moreover, public participation has many weaknesses in practice, including the definition of stakeholders and the lack of guidelines and manuals which challenges expert action. Finally, this paper has explored the major positives and negatives of the Armenian EIA system in practice, and we consider that this should help other Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries define and combat the challenges of their EIA systems.

Analysis on the Calculation Methods of Acid Dew Point of Flue Gas

2014 ◽  
Vol 960-961 ◽  
pp. 414-421
Author(s):  
Chen Zong ◽  
Xiao Hui Zhang ◽  
Qi Min Wang
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Bituminous Coal ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Thermal Calculation ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Typical Instance ◽  
New Formula

At present, there are lots of calculation methods of acid dew point of flue gas; formula of acid dew point in the thermal calculation from the former U.S.S.R has been widely applied in China. But this formula still has some problems, such as the desulphurization ability of different fuels, classification of sulfur content in fuel and the factors of SO2 transferred into SO3.In order to solve these problems,the formula of the acid dew point in the thermal calculation from the former U.S.S.R is adjusted. It was found that the precision of A.G.O kkes formula is the highest by comparing several formulas. So the last will be the compilation of the new formula and A.G.O kkes formula, the former Soviet union formula and the calculation of burning lean coal,bituminous coal and lignite typical instance of 600 MW,it was found that the precision of new formula calculation has improved.

Security and demography will boost Israel-Russia ties

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oil Exports ◽  
Southern Border ◽  
Business Regulations ◽  
Economic Ties

Significance This followed the Trump-Putin Helsinki summit at which the two leaders discussed Israel’s concerns over the threat from Iran, as the Syrian government regains control over its southern border. As part of his anti-Tehran policy, Netanyahu has repeatedly sought to influence Russia, arguably assisted by a broader improvement of relations between the two publics and governments on the back of the mass flow of immigrants (‘olim’) from the former Soviet Union (FSU) to Israel in 1990-2010. Impacts Despite growing economic ties, Moscow is unlikely to seek to use oil exports or business regulations as leverage over Israeli policy. Immigrants from Russia will be more hawkish than the rest of the population on Israeli-Palestinian issues. Russian-origin Israelis will not use their influence to encourage Israel to acquiesce in Russian support for Iranian allies in Syria.

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