A review of tendon injury: Why is the equine superficial digital flexor tendon most at risk?

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. THORPE ◽  
P. D. CLEGG ◽  
H. L. BIRCH
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Flexor Tendon ◽  
Tendon Injury ◽  
Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon

Comparison of healing in forelimb and hindlimb surgically induced core lesions of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (05) ◽  
pp. 358-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Van Weeren ◽  
C. H. A. Van de Lest ◽  
J. Boere ◽  
M. Reyes ◽  
J. C. Ionita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Doppler Ultrasound ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Flexor Tendon ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Tendon Healing ◽  
Tendon Injury ◽  
Colour Doppler ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon ◽  
Surgically Induced

SummaryObjective: Even though equine multi-limb tendinopathy models have been reported, it is unknown if fore- and hindlimb tendon healing behave similarly. The aim of this study was to compare the healing process of surgically induced superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) core lesions of fore- and hindlimbs in horses.Methods: Tendon core lesions were surgically induced in the SDFT of both fore- and hindlimbs in eight horses. One randomly assigned forelimb and one randomly assigned hindlimb were injected with saline one and two weeks post-surgery. The healing process was monitored clinically and ultrasonographically. After 24 weeks, the tendons were harvested and biochemical, biomechanical and histological parameters were evaluated.Results: Twenty-four weeks post-surgery, the forelimb SDFT lesions had a significantly higher colour Doppler ultrasound vascularization score (p = 0.02) and glycosaminoglycan concentration (p = 0.04) and a significantly lower hydroxylysylpyridinoline content (p = 0.03).Clinical relevance: Our results indicate that fore- and hindlimb SDFT surgically induced lesions exhibit significant differences in several important parameters of tendon healing 24 weeks post-surgery. These differences create significant challenges in using all four limbs and accurately interpreting the results that one might generate. Therefore these findings do not support the use of four-limb models for study of tendon injury until the reasons for these differences are much better understood.

Morphological and Histochemical Analysis of a Case of Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Injury in the Horse

1999 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kobayashi ◽  
M. Sugisaka ◽  
K. Takehana ◽  
M. Yamaguchi ◽  
Eerdunchaolu K. Iwasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flexor Tendon ◽  
Tendon Injury ◽  
Histochemical Analysis ◽  
Flexor Tendon Injury ◽  
Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon

scholarly journals Biplanar High-Speed Fluoroscopy of Pony Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon (SDFT)—An In Vivo Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Franziska C. Wagner ◽  
Kerstin Gerlach ◽  
Sandra M. Geiger ◽  
Claudia Gittel ◽  
Peter Böttcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Flexor Tendon ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Tendon Injury ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Tendon Biomechanics ◽  
Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon ◽  
First Time

The superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is the most frequently injured structure of the musculoskeletal system in sport horses and a common cause for early retirement. This project’s aim was to visualize and measure the strain of the sound, injured, and healing SDFTs in a pony during walk and trot. For this purpose, biplanar high-speed fluoroscopic kinematography (FluoKin), as a high precision X-ray movement analysis tool, was used for the first time in vivo with equine tendons. The strain in the metacarpal region of the sound SDFT was 2.86% during walk and 6.78% during trot. When injured, the strain increased to 3.38% during walk and decreased to 5.96% during trot. The baseline strain in the mid-metacarpal region was 3.13% during walk and 6.06% during trot and, when injured, decreased to 2.98% and increased to 7.61%, respectively. Following tendon injury, the mid-metacarpal region contributed less to the overall strain during walk but showed increased contribution during trot. Using this marker-based FluoKin technique, direct, high-precision, and long-term strain measurements in the same individual are possible. We conclude that FluoKin is a powerful tool for gaining deeper insight into equine tendon biomechanics.

Morphological and biomechanical studies on the common calcaneal tendon in dogs

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Reese ◽  
I. Jopp
Keyword(s):  
Flexor Tendon ◽  
Biomechanical Testing ◽  
Tensile Load ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Tendon Injury ◽  
Calcaneal Tendon ◽  
Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon ◽  
Load To Failure ◽  
The Common

SummarySpontanous rupture at the distal part of the gastrocnemius tendon (GT) is the second most common non-traumatic tendon injury in dogs, whereas the other strands of the common calcaneal tendon do not seem to have a predisposition to rupture. In order to discover why we investigated the common calcaneal tendons of 63 dogs microscopically and biomechanically. Both the gastrocnemius and superficial digital flexor tendon (SFT) had multiple low vascularized fibrocartilaginous areas within their distal course as opposed to regular parallel fibered areas in the proximal tendon areas. Biomechanical testing revealed that the distal sections in both tendons show a 50% and 70% lower tensile strength (Fmax/kg BW) than the proximal sections (p<0.01), respectively. On the contrary, tensile load (Fmax/mm2) only differed minimally between proximal and distal sections in both tendons (8% and 9%, respectively), whereas the tensile load of the distal gastrocnemius tendon is 35% lower than of the distal superficial flexor tendon (p<0.01). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to experimentally show that there are different biomechanical properties within the same tendon. The maximum load to failure is lower in the GT compared to the SFT within the same dog which explains its higher incidence of rupture in the field. The avascular fibrocartilaginous structure in the distal gastrocnemius tendon seems to play a further role in the pathogenesis of spontaneous rupture.

The influence of boot design on exercise associated surface temperature of tendons in horses

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hopegood ◽  
L. Sander ◽  
A.D. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Flexor Tendon ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Tendon Injury ◽  
Skin Surface Temperature ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Test Study ◽  
Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon ◽  
Cross Country

Sport horses frequently injure tendons of the lower limb. Tendon boots are commonly applied for structural support and trauma prevention during competitions. However these boots may increase heat stress in the area. Two separate studies were carried out with the aim to improve understanding of the effect of boots on heat around the tendon area. Study 1 measured heat emitted from two types of boots (traditional and perforated, cross-over design) covering the superficial digital flexor tendon in 4 horses during a set ridden and lunged exercise test. Study 2, a field test, measured the effect of boot style (traditional, perforated and open fronted) on skin surface temperature in 130 horses, after completing a cross country event test (either a BE 100 three day event or a CIC* - two day short format event). An infrared thermometer was used to measure temperatures during both studies. Boots designed with perforations demonstrated greater heat emissions than traditional (non-perforated) boots (+3.5 ° C, P<0.01). In Study 2 mean tendon surface temperature for perforated type boots (28.0 °C) was significantly lower than for traditional boots (32.3 °C) and for open fronted tendon boots (31.1 °C) (P<0.001). As this was an applied field study, additional environmental factors, such as speed and fitness level of horses, may have influenced results. Although exact mechanisms leading to these findings and the link between heat and tendon injury needs to be researched further, it is advisable to design boots to minimise tendon exposure to high temperatures, which may contribute to tendon injury.

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