scholarly journals Influenza at the animal–human interface: a review of the literature for virological evidence of human infection with swine or avian influenza viruses other than A(H5N1)

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
G S Freidl ◽  
A Meijer ◽  
E de Bruin ◽  
M de Nardi ◽  
O Munoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Review Of The Literature

Factors that trigger human infection with animal influenza virus progressing into a pandemic are poorly understood. Within a project developing an evidence-based risk assessment framework for influenza viruses in animals, we conducted a review of the literature for evidence of human infection with animal influenza viruses by diagnostic methods used. The review covering Medline, Embase, SciSearch and CabAbstracts yielded 6,955 articles, of which we retained 89; for influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9), the official case counts of the World Health Organization were used. An additional 30 studies were included by scanning the reference lists. Here, we present the findings for confirmed infections with virological evidence. We found reports of 1,419 naturally infected human cases, of which 648 were associated with avian influenza virus (AIV) A(H5N1), 375 with other AIV subtypes, and 396 with swine influenza virus (SIV). Human cases naturally infected with AIV spanned haemagglutinin subtypes H5, H6, H7, H9 and H10. SIV cases were associated with endemic SIV of H1 and H3 subtype descending from North American and Eurasian SIV lineages and various reassortants thereof. Direct exposure to birds or swine was the most likely source of infection for the cases with available information on exposure.

scholarly journals Resurrected ancestral influenza A viruses recapitulate the avian-to-mammalian adaptation of European avian-like swine influenza virus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Su ◽  
Rhodri Harfoot ◽  
Yvonne Su ◽  
Jennifer DeBeauchamp ◽  
Udayan Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Polymerase Activity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Sequence Reconstruction

Abstract The emergence of a pandemic influenza virus may be better anticipated if we better understand the evolutionary steps taken by avian influenza viruses as they adapt to mammals. We used ancestral sequence reconstruction to resurrect viruses representing initial adaptive stages of the European avian-like H1N1 virus as it transitioned from avian to swine hosts. We demonstrate that efficient transmissibility in pigs was gained through stepwise adaptation after 1983. These time-dependent adaptations resulted in changes in hemagglutinin receptor binding specificity and increased viral polymerase activity. An NP-R351K mutation under strong positive selection increased the transmissibility of a reconstructed virus. The stepwise-adaptation of a wholly avian influenza virus to a mammalian host suggests a window where targeted intervention may have highest impact. Successful intervention will, however, require strategic coordination of surveillance and risk assessment activities to identify these adapting viruses and guide pandemic preparedness resources.

scholarly journals A single dose vaccination with an elastase-dependent H1N1 live attenuated swine influenza virus protects pigs from challenge with 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Mašić ◽  
Niziti Woldeab ◽  
Carissa Embury-Hyatt ◽  
Yan Zhou ◽  
Shawn Babiuk
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Intranasal Route

Abstract The 2009 outbreak of H1N1 influenza A viruses in humans underscored the importance of pigs in influenza A virus evolution and the emergence of novel viruses with pandemic potential. In addition, influenza A virus infections continued to cause production losses in the agricultural industry resulting in a significant drop of profit. The primary method to control influenza A virus infections in pigs is through vaccination. Previously we demonstrated that two doses of an elastase-dependent live attenuated swine influenza virus administered by either the intratracheal or intranasal route can provide a high degree of protection in pigs against challenge with both homologous and different heterologous swine influenza viruses. Here we report the protection efficacy of a single dose elastase-dependent live attenuated swine influenza virus administered by the intranasal route against challenge with homologous subtypic H1N1 2009 pandemic swine-like influenza virus. Protection was observed in the absence of neutralizing antibodies specific for H1N1 2009 in sera.

scholarly journals CHANGING VIRAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF A HUMAN CELL LINE IN CONTINUOUS CULTIVATION

1961 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam C. Wong ◽  
Edwin D. Kilbourne
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Continuous Cultivation ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Infective Virus ◽  
Serial Transfer ◽  
Variant Cell

During its serial transfer and cultivation in this laboratory, a human conjunctival cell line (Chang) was observed to change in morphology. Concurrently no change was noted in the susceptibility of the cells to viruses capable of infecting the original cell line. However, it was noted that the derived variant cell line had acquired susceptibility to the induction of cytopathic effects and incomplete virus formation by several strains of influenza viruses. It was then discovered that swine influenza virus and the N-WS strain of influenza A virus could be serially propagated in the derived cell line with production of infective virus. The swine virus required adaptation, but the N-WS strain did not. N-WS and swine influenza viruses multiply with infective virus formation only in the variant conjunctival cell and in no other cell line. Antigenic, cytologic, and virologic evidence is presented that the influenza virus-susceptible variant cell is of human origin and is not a contaminating cell exogenously introduced. Transition of a cell line from complete insusceptibility to susceptibility to virus infection and multiplication has not been described previously.

scholarly journals Prevalent Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus with 2009 pandemic viral genes facilitating human infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (29) ◽  
pp. 17204-17210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglei Sun ◽  
Yihong Xiao ◽  
Jiyu Liu ◽  
Dayan Wang ◽  
Fangtao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Airway Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Progeny Virus ◽  
Genotype 4

Pigs are considered as important hosts or “mixing vessels” for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses. Systematic surveillance of influenza viruses in pigs is essential for early warning and preparedness for the next potential pandemic. Here, we report on an influenza virus surveillance of pigs from 2011 to 2018 in China, and identify a recently emerged genotype 4 (G4) reassortant Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 virus, which bears 2009 pandemic (pdm/09) and triple-reassortant (TR)-derived internal genes and has been predominant in swine populations since 2016. Similar to pdm/09 virus, G4 viruses bind to human-type receptors, produce much higher progeny virus in human airway epithelial cells, and show efficient infectivity and aerosol transmission in ferrets. Moreover, low antigenic cross-reactivity of human influenza vaccine strains with G4 reassortant EA H1N1 virus indicates that preexisting population immunity does not provide protection against G4 viruses. Further serological surveillance among occupational exposure population showed that 10.4% (35/338) of swine workers were positive for G4 EA H1N1 virus, especially for participants 18 y to 35 y old, who had 20.5% (9/44) seropositive rates, indicating that the predominant G4 EA H1N1 virus has acquired increased human infectivity. Such infectivity greatly enhances the opportunity for virus adaptation in humans and raises concerns for the possible generation of pandemic viruses.

Epidemiological Investigation of Influenza a Viruses in Laboratory Swine and Dogs in Shanghai

2011 ◽  
Vol 393-395 ◽  
pp. 733-736
Author(s):  
Xiao Hua Yang ◽  
Xiao Feng Wei ◽  
Jian Hua Hu ◽  
Xiong Wei Liu ◽  
Shao Jin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Positive Sample ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Canine Influenza ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Swine and canine influenza, which is acute viral respiratory infectious disease, can do great threat to the health of people and animals. What’s more, swine as an intermediate host for the transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans, it’s very important to supervise the epidemiological situation of swine influenza virus (SIV) infections all over the world. The major aim of this paper was to investigate the epidemiological situation of influenza A viruses in laboratory swine and dogs in shanghai and surrounding area from January 2010 to March 2011. There were 109 throat swabs collected from swine and 35 from dogs. Based on RT-PCR, we have got only one swine influenza virus-positive sample and none canine influenza virus-positive. In addition, this survey not only gives a data about the epidemiological situation of swine and canine influenza, but also provides a basis and guarantee for taking a timely and effective security measures.

scholarly journals A human case of swine influenza virus infection in Europe – implications for human health and research

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Van Reeth ◽  
A Nicoll
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses

Swine are susceptible to the same influenza A virus subtypes as humans – H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2 - and the histories of influenza in pigs and people are closely linked. Many swine influenza viruses are a result of reassortment and their genes are composed of human and avian and/or swine virus genes. Indeed, it is known that both human and avian influenza viruses occasionally transmit to pigs, and that pigs can serve as "mixing vessels" for these viruses, meaning that viruses can exchange genetic material and lead to the production of a new "hybrid" virus. This has led to the thinking that perhaps pandemic viruses could emerge following reassortment in pigs. However, since nobody has observed the start of a pandemic, there remains no direct evidence to make this more than a theory.

Equine and canine influenza: a review of current events

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Paul J. Gibbs ◽  
Tara C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
One Health ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Canine Influenza

AbstractIn the past decade, the pandemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and the novel H1N1 influenza have both illustrated the potential of influenza viruses to rapidly emerge and spread widely in animals and people. Since both of these viruses are zoonotic, these pandemics have been the driving force behind a renewed commitment by the medical and veterinary professions to practice One World, One Health for the control of infectious diseases. The discovery in 2004 that an equine origin H3N8 influenza virus was the cause of an extensive epidemic of respiratory disease in dogs in the USA came as a surprise; at that time dogs were thought to be refractory to infection with influenza viruses. In 2007, a second emerging canine influenza was confirmed in Korea, but this time the causal virus was an H3N2 avian influenza virus. This review focuses on recent events associated with equine and canine influenza viruses. While these viruses do not appear to be zoonotic, the close association between humans and dogs, and to a lesser extent horses, demands that we develop better surveillance and control strategies for emerging diseases in companion animals within the context of One World, One Health.

scholarly journals Bat influenza vectored NS1-truncated live vaccine protects pigs against heterologous virus challenge

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhwa Lee ◽  
Yonghai Li ◽  
Yuhao Li ◽  
A. Giselle Cino-Ozuna ◽  
Michael Duff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Live Vaccine ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractSwine influenza is an important disease for the swine industry. Currently used whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines can induce vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) in pigs when the vaccine strains mismatch with the infected viruses. Live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (LAIV) is effective to protect pigs against homologous and heterologous swine influenza virus infections without inducing VAERD, but has safety concerns due to potential reassortment with circulating viruses. Herein, we used a chimeric bat influenza Bat09:mH3mN2 virus, which contains both surface HA and NA gene open reading frames of the A/swine/Texas/4199-2/1998 (H3N2) and six internal genes from the novel bat H17N10 virus, to develop modified live-attenuated viruses (MLVs) as vaccine candidates which cannot reassort with canonical influenza A viruses by co-infection. Two attenuated MLV vaccine candidates including the virus that expresses a truncated NS1 (Bat09:mH3mN2-NS1-128, MLV1) or expresses both a truncated NS1 and the swine IL-18 (Bat09:mH3mN2-NS1-128-IL-18, MLV2) were generated and evaluated in pigs against a heterologous H3N2 virus using the WIV vaccineb as a control. Compared to the WIV vaccine, both MLV vaccines were able to reduce lesions and virus replication in lungs and limit nasal virus shedding without VAERD, also induced significantly higher levels of mucosal IgA response in lungs and significantly increased numbers of antigen-specific IFN-γ secreting cells against the challenge virus. However, no significant difference was observed in efficacy between the MLV1 and MLV2. These results indicate that bat influenza vectored MLV vaccines can be used as a safe live vaccine to prevent swine influenza.

scholarly journals Cluster analysis of the origins of the new influenza A(H1N1) virus

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Solovyov ◽  
G Palacios ◽  
T Briese ◽  
W I Lipkin ◽  
R Rabadan
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
World Health ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

In March and April 2009, a new strain of influenza A(H1N1) virus has been isolated in Mexico and the United States. Since the initial reports more than 10,000 cases have been reported to the World Health Organization, all around the world. Several hundred isolates have already been sequenced and deposited in public databases. We have studied the genetics of the new strain and identified its closest relatives through a cluster analysis approach. We show that the new virus combines genetic information related to different swine influenza viruses. Segments PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP and NS are related to swine H1N2 and H3N2 influenza viruses isolated in North America. Segments NA and M are related to swine influenza viruses isolated in Eurasia.

scholarly journals Development of a duplex TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of newly emerged H5N6 influenza viruses

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Liu ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Pengfei Cui ◽  
Congcong Wang ◽  
Xianying Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Pcr Assay

Abstract Background In 2017–2018, a new highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) variant appeared in poultry and wild birds in Asian and European countries and caused multiple outbreaks. These variant strains are different from the H5N6 virus associated with human infection in previous years, and their genetic taxonomic status and antigenicity have changed. Therefore, revision of the primers and probes of fluorescent RT-PCR is important to detect the new H5N6 subtype AIV in poultry and reduce the risk of an epidemic in birds or humans. Methods In this study, the primers and probes including three groups of HA and four groups of NA for H5N6 influenza virus were evaluated. Then a set of ideal primer and probes were selected to further optimize the reaction system and established a method of double rRT-PCR assay. The specificity of this method was determined by using H1~H16 subtype AIV. Results The results showed that fluorescence signals were obtained for H5 virus in FAM channel and N6 virus in VIC channel, and no fluorescent signal was observed in other subtypes of avian influenza viruses. The detection limit of this assay was 69 copies for H5 and 83 copies for N6 gene. And, the variability tests of intra- and inter-assay showed excellent reproducibility. Moreover, this assay showed 100% agreement with virus isolation method in detecting samples from poultry. Conclusion The duplex rRT-PCR assay presented here has high specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility, and can be used for laboratory surveillance and rapid diagnosis of newly emerged H5N6 subtype avian influenza viruses.

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