scholarly journals Petersburg Collection of the ‘Hermetic Library’ of N. I. Novikov as the Heritage of Russian Rosicrucians from Ancient Greece to the 18th Century

2018 ◽  
pp. 663-678
Author(s):  
Yuri E. Kondakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Overall Design ◽  
Research Division ◽  
Literary Heritage ◽  
History Of

The article gives the first extensive review of the multivolume ‘Hermetic Library.’ It is stored in the Research Division of Manuscripts of the Russian National Library. This collection includes translations from European authors from Ancient Greece to the 18th century. Some manuscripts of the ‘Hermetic Library’ collection were believed by the Order of the Golden and Pink Cross to belong to the legendary Rosicrucians. The Order of the Golden and Pink Cross emerged in the 18th century within the Masonic movement. Until early 19th century the Order, mostly focused on alchemy, developed as a branch of Freemasonry. In 1782 the Order of the Golden and Pink Cross opened its subdivision in Russia. Having survived a number of prohibitions, the organization of Russian Rosicrucians continued until early 20th century. The ‘Hermetic Library’ is the largest literary heritage of Russian Rosicrucians. The ‘Hermetic Library’ was started by educator and book publisher N. I. Novikov in early 19th century. It was Europe’s largest collection of alchemical and Rosicrucian works of the time. The library was to be kept secret and be used for education of the Order members. Two collections of the library fell into hands of different groups of Rosicrucians. The Moscow collection was kept in Arsenyev's family. The Petersburg collection passed from hand to hand; in late 19th century it was put up for sale. Only after 1917 the two collections of the ‘Hermetic Library’ were acquired by libraries of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The study of the St. Petersburg collection shows that it was copied and translated by several Rosicrucians. After Novikov’s death in 1818, two different groups continued the library, and volumes following the 30th differ in content and design. Novikov’s library included manuscripts on the development of alchemy from Ancient Egypt and to 18th century Europe. They included the most important Rosicrucian works. 35 volumes of the St. Petersburg collection include 191 works. The volumes were compiled to insure consistent training of the Order adepts. The article analyses the St. Petersburg collection of the ‘Hermetic library.’ Within the frameworks of an article it is impossible to review the contents every volume. It offers a summary of the history of writing and storage of the library until the 20th century and an overview of the volumes’ design and layout, which allows to judge the overall design of the library. It also compares the St. Petersburg collection and the Moscow one.

scholarly journals Paganate kookidest seakõrvadeni. Transkultuuriline rännak ühe toidu jälgedes läbi sajandite ja kokaraamatute

2017 ◽  
pp. 16-33
Author(s):  
Inna Põltsam-Jürjo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Food History ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

From “heathens’ cakes” to “pig’s ears”: tracing a food’s journey across cultures, centuries and cookbooks It is intriguing from the perspective of food history to find in 19th and 20th century Estonian recipe collections the same foods – that is, foods sharing the same names – found back in European cookbooks of the 14th and 15th centuries. It is noteworthy that they have survived this long, and invites a closer study of the phenomenon. For example, 16th century sources contain a record about the frying of heathen cakes, a kind of fritter, in Estonia. A dish by the same name is also found in 18th and 19th century recipe collections. It is a noteworthy phenomenon for a dish to have such a long history in Estonian cuisine, spanning centuries in recipe collections, and merits a closer look. Medieval European cookbooks listed two completely different foods under the name of heathen cakes and both were influenced from foods from the east. It is likely that the cakes made it to Tallinn and finer Estonian cuisine through Hanseatic merchants. It is not ultimately clear whether a single heathen cake recipe became domesticated in these parts already in the Middle Ages. In any case, heathen cakes would remain in Estonian cuisine for several centuries. As late as the early 19th century, the name in the local Baltic German cuisine referred to a delicacy made of egg-based batter fried in oil. Starting from the 18th century, the history of these fritters in Estonian cuisine can be traced through cookbooks. Old recipe collections document the changes and development in the tradition of making these cakes. The traditions of preparing these cakes were not passed on only in time, but circulated within society, crossing social and class lines. Earlier known from the elites’ culture, the dish reached the tables of ordinary people in the late 19th and early 20th century. In Estonian conditions, it meant the dish also crossed ethnic lines – from the German elite to the Estonian common folk’s menus. In the course of adaptation process, which was dictated and guided by cookbooks and cooking courses, the name of the dish changed several times (heydenssche koken, klenätid, Räderkuchen, rattakokid, seakõrvad), and changes also took place in the flavour nuances (a transition from spicier, more robust favours to milder ones) and even the appearance of the cakes. The story of the heathen cakes or pig’s ears in Estonian cuisine demonstrates how long and tortuous an originally elite dish can be as it makes its way to the tables of the common folk. The domestication and adaptation of such international recipes in the historical Estonian cuisine demonstrates the transregional cultural exchange, as well as culinary mobility and communication.

scholarly journals Considerations to some forms of the verb a fi: sum and sunt

Diacronia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Chivu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Literary Writing ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of the verbal forms sum and sunt, introduced into the literary writing by the Transylvanian Latinist School, reveals a winding process in the elaboration of certain cultured norms proper to the modern literary Romanian. Not at all linear, this process was concurrently influenced by two, often divergent, tendencies that were active from the end of the 18th century up to the beginning of the 20th century: the use of some cultured forms, borrowed from Latin or created according to Latin patterns; and the revitalization of certain linguistic forms with regional diffusion. Initially proposed as literary pronunciations, the two verbal forms were soon adopted and used as etymological graphic forms that corresponded to sîm and suntu from certain conservative patois. During the second half of the 19th century (sum), and during the first decades of the 20th century (sunt), the two graphic forms became orthoepic norms as well, due to the phonological tradition of the Romanian writing.

Historicism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Hvattum
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Related Idea ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Historian ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Art And Architecture

In its most general sense, historicism refers to a new historical consciousness emerging in late-18th- and early-19th-century Europe. This novel “historical-mindedness,” as the cultural historian Stephen Bann has called it, sprung from a recognition that human knowledge and human making are historically conditioned and must be understood within particular historical contexts. Historicism inspired new interest in the origin and development of cultural phenomena, not least art and architecture. When used in relation to architecture, historicism usually refers to the 19th-century notion that architecture is a historically dynamic and relative phenomenon, changing with time and circumstance. This in contrast to 18th-century classicism which tended to uphold the classical tradition as a universal ideal and a timeless standard. Historicism in architecture often entails Revivals of various kinds, i.e., the reference to or use of historical styles and motifs. The term is related to concepts such as eclecticism, revivalism, and relativism. In architectural history, an early anticipation of a historicist way of thinking is Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s History of the Art of Antiquity (1764). While still idealizing Greek art, Winckelmann also analyzed Egyptian, Etruscan, Phoenician, and Persian art and architecture, paying close attention to the historical conditions in which each of these cultures emerged. This new attentiveness to the relationship between cultural conditions and artistic expression lies at the heart of historicism, as does the related idea that architecture has the capacity to represent an epoch or a nation, forming a veritable index of cultural development. There is a strong organicist aspect to historicism, i.e., a tendency to think about cultural phenomena as organic wholes that evolve according to laws.

Tastes for blubber: diversity and locality of whale meat foodways in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-114
Author(s):  
Jun Akamine
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of

PurposeThis paper aims to discuss how whale meat foodways in Japan is a local practice, contrary to the prevailing political belief that it is national, and to examine two local whale meat foodways in Japan by focusing on the usage of blubber. To understand complexity of whaling issue, one needs to be careful of species rather than general “whale.”Design/methodology/approachBy investigating two kinds of recipe books, one published in the early 19th century and the other the early 20th century on whale meat dish, the paper clarifies blubber has been widely consumed rather than lean meat, and blubber was more important than lean meat as whale meat.FindingsThe western part of Japan has rich whale meat foodways compared to other parts of Japan. It is because of their history of whaling since the 17th century. They have inherited rich whale meat foodways.Originality/valueAlthough whale sashimi and deep-fried lean meat are popular nationwide regardless of their communities' history, former whaling communities in the western part of Japan developed a preference for blubber, skin, tongue and offal over lean meat. Whale meat foodways in Japan, therefore, is a local heritage. This fact should be the starting point for analyzing Japanese whaling and whale meat foodways.

scholarly journals A late-winter to early-spring temperature reconstruction for southeastern Norway from 1758 to 2006

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 404-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ø. Nordli ◽  
E. Lundstad ◽  
A.E.J. Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Temperature Reconstruction ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Spring Temperature ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractSystematic temperature observations were not undertaken in Norway until the early 19th century, and even then only sporadically. Climate-proxy data may be used to reconstruct temperatures before this period, but until now there have not been any climate proxies available for late winter. This situation has recently changed, as a diary containing historical ice break-up data from a farm near lake Randsfjord in southeastern Norway has been discovered. These data, together with observations from lake Mjøsa in the same region, make it possible to reconstruct temperature back to 1758. The reconstructed series, combined with instrumental series from the area near the lake, were merged into one composite time series covering the period 1758–2006. The lowest temperatures are seen during the Dalton sunspot minimum in the early 19th century. The 20th century was 1.3˚C warmer than the 19th century, whereas the 19th century was 0.4˚C warmer than the last 43 years of the 18th century. During the period 1758–1850, the mean temperature was 1.4˚C lower than the mean value of the 20th century. The warmth observed in the 1990s and at the start of the 21st century is unprecedented during the whole series.

scholarly journals Pembentukan Identitas Sosial Komunitas Hadhrami di Batavia Abad XVIII-XX

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Ahmad Athoillah
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Teaching ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper discusses the process of forming identities carried out by the Hadhrami community in Batavia throughout the late 18th century until the beginning of the 20th century. The taking of the topic was motivated by the strong social identity of the Hadhrami community in Batavia, especially in religion and economy since the 19th century to the present. The problem of this research is about the form and process of forming Hadhrami social identity from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. To answer these problems, a critical historical method is used by using various historical sources and relevant reference studies.Some of the results obtained from this study are various historical realities, such as the formation of social religious symbols including mosques and religious teaching forum. Some important things are the formation of economic identities such as wholesale trade, shipping businesses and property businesses. In addition, there were also shifting settlements from Hadhrami over the Koja people in Pekojan in the early 19th century, as well as the shift of the Hadhrami to the inland of Batavia in the late 19th century. These various realities ultimately affected various forms and processes of forming the social identity of the Hadhrami community, such as the material aspects, language, behavior, and collective ideas of the Hadhrami community especially at the beginning of the 19th century. Generally the Hadhrami community had transformed themselves and their collective parts into colonial society in Batavia until the beginning of the 20th century.

De trekvliet en de maliebaan in Leiden

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-317
Author(s):  
Martijn Storms
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Content Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Hague ◽  
City Walls ◽  
The University ◽  
The City

Abstract The Trekvliet canal and the pall-mall at Leiden Pall-mall was a popular lawn game in the 17th century. The oldest pall-mall in the Netherlands was built in The Hague in 1606. Leiden was one of the universities with such a facility. In 1581, Leiden University already had several courts for ball sports. Some manuscript maps show their locations outside the city walls. The building of a pall-mall in Leiden coincided with the digging of the canal for horse-drawn boats to The Hague and Delft. The first plans for a boat canal probably date from around 1633 and the canal was completed in 1637. Alongside, between the boat canal and the Leiden city walls, a pall-mall was built, about 700 meters in length. The university bought some plots of land from the Leiden orphanage, on which the lawn was built. The history of the building of the boat canal and pall-mall is documented in several property maps and town plans that have survived. In the university’s archive, a concept of regulations of the Leiden pall-mall is kept, which gives insight in how the game had to be played and into the rules that the students had to adhere to. The pall-mall remained in use until at least the end of the 18th century. On the cadastral plan from the early 19th century (1811-1832) the strip of land is still owned by the university but indicated as ‘economic garden’ and the heyday of pall-mall was over.

EDUCATIONAL TEXTS FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS, REALISTS AND CA-DETS OF THE XIX CENTURY: METHODICAL ASPECT

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Sergey Teleshov ◽  
Elena Teleshova
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
School Students ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Chemistry Textbooks ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

Until the end of the 18th century, Russia did not have original chemistry textbooks. Every-body had to use translations, including textbooks of physics, in which there was always a section on chemical phenomena. In the early 19th century domestic textbooks of chemistry appeared. At first they were few. Their undoubted advantage was that they were made by those who directly taught at school. Your attention is invited to the history of textbooks containing information on school chemistry. For the best of them, a brief description is given. Of considerable interest are the methodical views of the authors of first original textbooks. Their approach is quite appropriate in the preparation of modern educational texts on natural Sciences. Key words: school textbooks, 19th century, chemistry methodics, methodical experience.

Beethoven: His Historical and Artistic Significance

Tempo ◽  
1955 ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
Erich Hertzmann
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Beethoven stands at the pinnacle of development in the history of music. Many lines lead up to him; many lead away from him. He absorbed the different trends of thought of the 18th century and brought them to completion. At the same time he struggled towards a new language in music which was to have a fundamental influence on the trends in style of the 19th century and which is still discernible in their development in the 20th century. Thus Beethoven occupies a position of the greatest significance in the history of music: he completes one epoch and begins another and the music historians of the 19th and 20th centuries unanimously acknowledge his double rôle.

scholarly journals The First Flora of Poland

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
Piotr Köhler
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western European

A flora is a publication containing a list of species of wild plants of a given region along with the information on their localities, descriptions of their morphology, and keys for their determination. Johannes Thal’s Sylva Hercynia is considered the first flora ever published. From the 18th century onwards, floras of entire Western European countries were being published. Opisanie roslin w prowincyi W. X. L. naturalnie rosnących według układu Linneusza (Description of plants in the province of the G[rand] D[uchy of] L[ithuania] naturally growing according to the Linnaeus system) by Stanisław Bonifacy Jundziłł was printed in 1791. It includes 1,297 species, comprising 1,052 flowering plants, 85 mosses, 64 fungi, 49 lichens, 34 ferns and 13 algae, and contains 97 localities from the then Polish part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and 198 from the then Lithuanian one. The species are arranged according to the Linnaeus system, and their descriptions are concise. Contrary to its title, Opisanie roslin covers both the territories of Lithuania and Poland, which is why it should also be considered the earliest modern flora of Poland. Opisanie roslin played an important role in the history of Polish botany, especially in the development of floristics in Poland and Lithuania in the early 19th century.

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