GRIGORY IVANOVICH FISCHER VON WALDHEIM AND HIS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-557
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Gushchin ◽  
Galina Bryantseva ◽  
Yevgeny Dubinin
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Honorary Member ◽  
Science In Russia ◽  
German Origin ◽  
New Type ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Grigory Ivanovich Fischer von Waldheim (Johann Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim) was an outstanding Russian naturalist-encyclopedist of German origin, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and an honorary professor at Moscow University. From 1804 until the end of his life he worked in Moscow. Author of numerous works on entomology, paleontology, mineralogy and geology. His monographs Entomography of Russia and Orictography of the Moscow Gubernia played an important role in the development of natural science in Russia. G.I. Fischer is the founder of scientific zoology and paleontology in Russia, the founder of Moscow University’s Museum of Natural History as a new type of museum, one of the founders and the first director of the Moscow Society of Nature Experts, which still exists today.

scholarly journals Pedagogical heritage of the political tandem Krupskaya - Lunacharsky

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
И.П. Смирнов
Keyword(s):  
Karl Marx ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Honorary Member ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
Science In Russia ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Labor School ◽  
The Revolution

В статье показано, как в результате Октябрьской революции 1917 года было прервано развитие педагогической науки в России. В результате догматического прочтения идеи немецкого философа Карла Маркса, неверно интерпретированной вождем революции В.И. Лениным, был выдвинут ошибочный лозунг обязательного «соединения обучения с производительным трудом молодого поколения». Основываясь на нем, Н.К. Крупская навязала образованию тупиковую модель так называемой «трудовой школы». Она ввергла российскую школу в десятилетие хаоса и ошибок, привела к дезориентации педагогической общественности, разрушению системы профессиональных учебных заведений. Таков неизбежный результат любого политического вмешательства в образование и идеологии – в научную педагогику. Автор считает идею трудовой школы «русским крестом» отечественной педагогики, а степень ее восприятия – тестом на объективность и профессионализм российских ученых. Крупская Надежда Константиновна (1869–1939 г.г.) – жена вождя революции В.И. Ленина, одна из идеологов педагогики марксизма и создателей советской системы народного образования, заместитель наркома просвещения РСФСР, доктор педагогических наук, почетный член АН СССР. С 1930 года была отстранена от работы в Наркомпросе и занялась вопросами библиотечной работы. Луначарский Анатолий Васильевич (1875–1933 г.г.) – близкий соратник В.И. Ленина, первый нарком просвещения РСФСР, искусствовед, писатель, переводчик. В 1929 году смещён с поста наркома и назначен директором Института литературы и языка Коммунистической академии. Сторонник латинизации русского алфавита. Академик АН СССР. The article shows how, as a result of the October Revolution, 1917, the development of pedagogical science in Russia was interrupted. As a result of a dogmatic reading of the idea of the German philosopher Karl Marx, which was incorrectly interpreted by the leader of the revolution V.I. Lenin, the erroneous slogan was put forward of the obligatory “combination of education with the productive labor of the young generation”. Based on it, N.K. Krupskaya imposed an impasse on the model of the so-called labor school. It plunged the Russian school into a decade of chaos and mistakes, which led to disorientation of the pedagogical community, the destruction of the system of professional educational institutions. This is an inevitable result of any political interference in education and ideology – in scientific pedagogy. The author considers the idea of a labor school to be the “Russian cross” of Russian pedagogy, and the degree of its perception is treated as a test of the objectivity and professionalism of Russian scientists. Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna (1869–1939) – the wife of the leader of the revolution V.I. Lenin, one of the ideologists of pedagogy of Marxism and the creators of the Soviet public education system, deputy commissar of education of the RSFSR, doctor of pedagogical sciences, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1930, she was removed from her position, and was engaged in library work. Lunacharsky Anatoly Vasilievich (1875–1933) – a close associate of V.I. Lenin, the first People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR, an art critic, writer, translator. In 1929, he was removed from his position as people's commissar and was appointed director of the Institute of Literature and Language of the Communist Academy. Supporter of the Latinization of the Russian alphabet.

Grigory (Gotthelf) Fischer Von Waldheim (1771-1853): Author of the First Scientific Works on Russian Geology and Palæontology

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-120
Author(s):  
Zoya Bessudnova
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Natural History Museum ◽  
Fossil Flora ◽  
Honorary Member ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
Anglophone World ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
First Descriptions

Sometimes called the 'Russian Cuvier', Grigory Fischer von Waldheim was born in 1771 in Waldheim near Freiberg in Saxony and graduated in 1792 from the Freiberg Mining Academy, where he studied under Werner and became friends with von Buch and von Humboldt. In Paris, he studied under Cuvier and the two became friends. In Russia, Fischer became Director of the Moscow University Natural History Museum (1804-1832), founder of the Moscow Society of Naturalists at Moscow University (1805), Corresponding Member (1805) and Honorary Member (1819) of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, and Professor (later President) of the Moscow Medical-Surgical Academy (1837), where he established its Natural History Museum. He gave systematic descriptions of materials in the Paris National Natural History Museum (1802-1803) and Moscow University's Natural History Museum (1805-1806). Using binomial nomenclature, he published the first scientific descriptions of the fossil fauna of Russia (1809) and the first descriptions of the fossil flora from around Moscow (1826) and the southwestern Urals (1840). He also wrote the first Russian monograph on geology and palaeontology (Oryctography of the Province of Moscow, 1830-1837). In effect, he founded palaeontology in Russia. His achievements were recognized during his lifetime and are remembered today in Germany and Russia, but are rather little known in the Anglophone world.

Animal taxa named for Rollo H. Beck

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary M. Fellers
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
South America ◽  
Southern California ◽  
American Museum ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
California Academy ◽  
Vertebrate Zoology ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Rollo Howard Beck (1870–1950) was a professional bird collector who spent most of his career on expeditions to the Channel Islands off southern California, the Galápagos Islands, South America, the South Pacific, and the Caribbean. Some of the expeditions lasted as long as ten years during which time he and his wife, Ida, were often working in primitive conditions on sailing vessels or camps set up on shore. Throughout these expeditions, Beck collected specimens for the California Academy of Sciences, the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley (California), the American Museum of Natural History, and the Walter Rothschild Museum at Tring, England. Beck was one of the premier collectors of his time and his contributions were recognized by having 17 taxa named becki in his honor. Of these taxa, Beck collected 15 of the type specimens.

XII. A letter from Richard Brocklesby M. D. and F. R. S. to the President, concerning the Indian Poison, sent over from M. de la Condamine, Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris

1746 ◽  
Vol 44 (482) ◽  
pp. 408-412 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Royal Academy ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Honoured Sir , The Subjects of Natural History are often strange and uncommon; but the Authors who have treated on them have not failed, on their Parts, to support and raise the Wonder, and once conceived Astonishment, by ascribing Properties which never existed in Nature; thus indulging the Humour of finding a Marvellous in all Things, Truths have been greatly obscured, and Errors propagated without Number.

scholarly journals Correspondence of S.F. Platonov and M.M. Bogoslovsky

2021 ◽  
pp. 174-184
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Melnikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
The Public ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Science In Russia ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The article is devoted to the source features of a unique documentary complex – the correspondence of two major Russian historians S.F. Platonov (1860–1933) and M.M. Bogoslovsky (1867–1929). The epistolary dialogue of scientists is of considerable interest not only in terms of studying their life and work. The confidential correspondence reflects significant events in the scientific and social life of Russia, Moscow, Petersburg-Petrograd-Leningrad. Correspondence is a valuable historical and historiographic source not only for understanding the development of historical science in Russia, the formation of Moscow and St. Petersburg historical schools, but also for studying the public consciousness of the Russian humanitarian intelligentsia at the end of the 19th — first third of the 20th centuries, in-depth knowledge of the culture of a turning point in the history of Russia. The letters contain valuable information about the everyday life and life of the professors, the organization of scientific life at the Academy of Sciences, the Archaeographic commission, at Moscow university and the Moscow theological academy, at the Moscow higher courses for women, at the Institute of history of the RANION, the Historical Museum, other higher educational institutions and scientific societies two capitals, they reflect the international ties of domestic historical science with scientists from Great Britain, Germany, France, USA, Czech Republic.

Thoreau’s Epic Ambitions: “A Walk To Wachusett” and the Persistence of the Classics in an Age of Science

2017 ◽  
pp. 153-192
Author(s):  
K. P. Van Anglen
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Epic Poetry ◽  
Original Goal ◽  
Simple Notion

The piece is the earliest example in Thoreau of a prose genre now known as the excursion, which combines a brief autobiographical account of an experience of nature with broader philosophical meditations on the natural world. Moreover, in “A Walk to Wachusett,” Thoreau also uses quotations from and allusions to Virgil's own earliest extant poems (the eclogues) to recreate in prose the tension found throughout Virgil's poetry between the themes of the pastoral and those of epic. Thoreau also thereby allies his own literary career to the progression first followed by Virgil, from pastoral to georgic to epic, known as the cursus honorum. This renders problematic any simple notion that he became a scientist later in his career. Rather, his interests in natural science merged with his original goal of writing epic poetry, in his treatment of Pliny the Elder's Natural History.

Seumas O’Sullivan and Revivalist Nature Poetry

2019 ◽  
pp. 203-222
Author(s):  
Seán Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Nature Poetry ◽  
Celtic Revival ◽  
Natural Historian

The Irish Revival was, amongst other things, an attempt to ‘re-enchant’ the Irish natural world as both a protest against Anglicisation and Enlightenment values. Through a study of the poetry of a lesser-known Revivalist poet, Seumas O’Sullivan, who was a keen natural historian, and thus engaged with the popular discourses and practices of natural science in the period, this chapter discusses Revivalist nature poetry as a form of ‘re-enchantment’. In doing so, it also considers how engagement with natural history in the period effected a shift in the poetic relationship to materiality, considering the movement between Celtic Revival poetry and later Revivalist work in term of a closer attention to the physical world.

scholarly journals Sheina Macalister Marshall, 20 April 1896 - 7 April 1977

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 369-389 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Rheumatic Fever ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Honorary Member ◽  
Interest In Science ◽  
Natural History Society ◽  
The Family ◽  
At Home

Sheina Macalister Marshall, who was born on 20 April 1896, was the second of the three daughters of John Nairn Marshall, M.D., of Stewart Hall, Rothesay. Their grandfathers on both sides of the family came of farming stock. Her mother, Jean Colville Binnie, had a great grandfather who took Linlithgow Castle from the English for Robert the Bruce, and there were Covenanters on both sides of the family, one of whom fought at the Battle of Drumclog. Both sides were strong members of the Scottish Church and the Calvinistic characteristics of probity and hardiness were carried down to the daughters. Sheina was educated first by a governess at home and then at Rothesay Academy and at St Margaret’s School, Polmont. She evidently acquired an early interest in science for during her schooldays, when she was ill for two separate years with rheumatic fever, she read many of Charles Darwin’s books. The sisters received much encouragement in the study of natural history from their father who was a much loved G.P. and surgeon of the old school. He was an Honorary Member of the Glasgow Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons. He founded the Buteshire Natural History Society, which 50 years ago became responsible for the Rothesay Museum. The children kept a freshwater aquarium and made a dried flower collection for the Rothesay Museum. Their mother was also gifted, being musical, a great reader, and a good needlewoman who passed on this gift to Sheina. She took an active part in setting up the District Nursing Association in Rothesay.

scholarly journals Funding system reform for excellence in science: an interview with Jinghai Li, President of NSFC

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonghe Zhou ◽  
Weijie Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Funding Agency ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Funding System ◽  
Reform Plan ◽  
Funding Programs ◽  
Excellence In Science ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Abstract The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) is the major funding agency for China's basic research in natural science. The total budget for NSFC was 26.7 billion Yuan (RMB) in 2017, accounting for 27% of China's total investment in basic research. In the past decades, continuous increases in the National Natural Science Fund and other funding programs provided strong support for the rapid growth in China's science and technology (S&T). In the second half of 2018, NSFC unveiled a deep reform plan that aims to build a fair, efficient and standardized new funding system that meets the demands of excellence in science in the twenty-first century in 5–10 years. Why did NSFC propose this reform? What are the major tasks of this reform? And how would NSFC implement this reform? All-in-all, this reform would not only have profound effect on S&T in China but also matters the world for the global collaborative efforts for the science. Recently, National Science Review had an exclusive interview with Jinghai Li, President of NSFC and Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, to learn his views and perspectives of the future of NSFC.

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