scholarly journals Probability of Null Water Demand Characterization

10.29007/hn5p ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Tricarico ◽  
Rudy Gargano ◽  
Simone Santopietro ◽  
Francesco Granata
Keyword(s):  
Network Management ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Time Discretization ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Water Complex ◽  
Distribution Modeling ◽  
Hydraulic Network ◽  
Demand Condition ◽  
Residential Demand

Water demand characterization when this assumes minimum values, if not null ones, is of fundamental importance for the hydraulic network management analysis. In fact, when this water demand condition occurs – usually during the night time – maximum pressures are on network pipes and at the same time tank levels increase and treatment plants are supplied with the minimum flow. The study of the null water demand are furthermore of great interest for leakages analysis in water complex systems. In this paper a study of the probability of null residential demand is provided by referring to different case studies in which the number of users ranges between 500-1250. In order to be able of implementing this study in a water distribution modeling, relationships for the daily null water demand characterization in function of the users supplied and the interval time discretization are also proposed.

Whole life costing: application to water distribution network

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Engelhardt ◽  
D. Savic ◽  
P. Skipworth ◽  
A. Cashman ◽  
A. Saul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Management ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Activity Based Costing ◽  
Operational Strategies ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Whole Life Costing

There is an increasing pressure from the economic regulator in England and Wales for water companies to ensure that their capital maintenance decisions reflect an understanding of the long-term impact on their operational costs and risks. This implies that decisions must not only reflect the costs borne now but the likely costs in the future, and how these might be optimised. It is noteworthy that within the construction and transport industries, asset management decisions which have been driven in this direction utilise a whole life costing (WLC) methodology. This paper addresses the implications of transferring the concept of WLC to service-based assets such as water systems. A WLC approach to distribution network management aims to achieve the lowest network provision and operating cost when all costs are considered to achieve standards enforced by regulation. Cognisance is to be taken of all relevant costs - direct and indirect, private and societal - in order to balance the needs of the service supplier, the customer, society and the environment in a sustainable manner. A WLC analysis thus attempts to develop a cost profile over the life of the asset. Accounting for the costs over this period is achieved through a combination of activity based costing (ABC) and a life cycle assessment (LCA) used to identify potential social and environmental costs. This process means that each of these identified costs must be linked to some physical parameter that itself varies over time due to changing demands on the system, the different operational strategies available to the operator and natural deterioration of the fabric of the system. The links established between the cost and activities of the operator provide the basis for the development of a WLC decision tool (WiLCO) for application to water distribution network management.

scholarly journals Hydraulic Performance Analysis and Modeling of Water Supply Distribution System of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chalchisa Milkecha ◽  
Habtamu Itefa
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Hydraulic Performance ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
The University

This study was conducted generally by aiming assessment of the hydraulic performance of water distribution systems of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (AASTU). In line with the main objective, this study addressed, (1) pinpointing problems of existing water supply versus demand deficit (2) evaluating the hydraulic performance of water distribution system using water GEMS and (3) recommended alternative methods for improving water demand scenarios. The University’s water supply distribution network layout was a looped system and the flow of water derived by both gravity and pressurized system. The gravity flow served for the academic and administrative staffs whereas the pressurized system of the network fed the students dormitories, cafeteria’s etc. The study revealed the existence of unmet minimum pressure requirement around the student dormitories which accounts 25.64% below the country’s building code standard during the peak hour consumption. The result of the water demand projection showed an increment of 2.5 liter per capita demand (LPCD) in every five years. Hence, first, the university’s water demand was projected and then hydraulic parameters such as; pressure, head loss and velocity were modeled for both the existing and the improved water supply distribution. The finding of the study was recommended to the university’s water supply project and institutional development offices for its future modification and rehabilitation works.

Using AMI Data for Water Distribution Modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 113 (10) ◽  
pp. 44-56
Author(s):  
Stephen Jackson ◽  
Thomas Walski ◽  
Joseph Dryer ◽  
Frank Nicholson ◽  
Joseph French ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Modeling

scholarly journals Inequality in Access to Drinking Water and Subsidies between Low and High Income Households in Mexico City

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Morales-Novelo ◽  
Lilia Rodríguez-Tapia ◽  
Daniel Revollo-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Well Being ◽  
High Income ◽  
Baseline Scenario ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Public Network

Economic and population growth in Mexico City (CDMX) is the main cause of an increase in water demand against a naturally limited endowment, which increases the gap between water demand and supply. In a water scarcity environment, households are facing pressure to maintain their involvement in the city’s only operating body, the Water System of Mexico City (SACMEX) total supply. The objective of this work is to measure the inequality in the distribution of drinking water and water subsidies between households connected to the public network of CDMX in order to generate objective indicators of the phenomenon. Having such information provides a baseline scenario of the problem and allows for the delineation of a policy covering the minimum levels of well-being in the supply of drinking water that is appropriate for the most important city in the country. The method consists of measuring inequality through continuous variables estimating the Lorenz curve, the Gini coefficient, the targeting coefficient and elasticity in water consumption and in water subsidies among households in CDMX. Data comes from a household survey carried out in 2011, Consumption Habits, Service and Quality of Water by Household in Mexico City (EHCSCA). Results show that drinking water and subsidies present a regressive distribution, benefit high-income households and, to a lesser degree, the poorest households in the city and highlight the urgency and importance for SACMEX to redefine its policy on water distribution, fees and subsidies. The present study’s scope can contribute to the monitoring of the distribution of drinking water and of subsidies among household groups. The study justifies that the indicators employed in this work can be used and are recommended as a valuable tool in water management, especially in a dynamic environment.

scholarly journals Optimal Selection and Monitoring of Nodes Aimed at Supporting Leakages Identification in WDS

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Righetti ◽  
Carlos Bort ◽  
Michele Bottazzi ◽  
Andrea Menapace ◽  
Ariele Zanfei
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Differential Evolution Algorithm ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
Hydraulic Network ◽  
Measured Flow ◽  
High Level ◽  
Network Functionality

Many efforts have been made in recent decades to formulate strategies for improving the efficiency of water distribution systems (WDS), led by the socio-demographic evolution of modern society and the climate change scenario. The improvement of WDS management is a complex task that can be addressed by providing services to maximize revenues while ensuring that the quality standards required by national and international regulations are upheld. These two objectives can be fulfilled by utilizing optimized techniques for the operational and maintenance strategies of WDS. This paper proposes a methodology for assisting engineers in identifying water leakages in WDS, thus providing an effective procedure for ensuring high level hydraulic network functionality. The proposed approach is based on an inverse analysis of measured flow rates and pressure data, and consists of three steps: The analysis of measurements to select the most suitable period for leakage identification, the localization of the best measurement points based on a correlation analysis, and leakage identification with a hybrid optimization that combines the exploration capability of the differential evolution algorithm with the rapid convergence of particle swarm optimization. The proposed procedure is validated on a reference hydraulic network, known as the Apulian network.

Use of Hydraulic Network Model for Evaluating Fire Flow Capacity of a Water Distribution Network

2009 ◽  
Vol 62-64 ◽  
pp. 797-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.C. Izinyon ◽  
B.U. Anyata
Keyword(s):  
Network Model ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Fire Department ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Hydraulic Network

A WaterCAD hydraulic network model of the existing Ikpoba Hill Benin City water distribution system was constructed and calibrated for steady state simulation studies using the network’s physical, operational and calibration data. The model was then used for available fire flow analysis and system improvement design. Our study reveals that the existing network has available fire flow of O l/s and hence cannot provide needed flow for fire suppression. However, the proposed improved network with increased diameters of existing pipes and which also takes into account expected future growth has available fire flow of between 29.6l/s and 40l/s at the nodes in the network.On the basis of available fire flow at the nodes in the system, hydrant tagging, numbering and colour coding which can effectively increase the fire fighting ability of the fire department can be undertaken.

scholarly journals Hydropower Generation Through Pump as Turbine: Experimental Study and Potential Application to Small-Scale WDN

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Postacchini ◽  
Giovanna Darvini ◽  
Fiorenza Finizio ◽  
Leonardo Pelagalli ◽  
Luciano Soldini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Hydrodynamic Pressure ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hydropower Generation ◽  
Reverse Mode

Pump-As-Turbine (PAT) technology is a smart solution to produce energy in a sustainable way at small scale, e.g., through its exploitation in classical Water Distribution Networks (WDNs). PAT application may actually represent a suitable solution to obtain both pressure regulation and electrical energy production. This technology enables one to significantly reduce both design and maintenance costs if compared to traditional turbine applications. In this work, the potential hydropower generation was evaluated through laboratory tests focused on the characterization of a pump working in reverse mode, i.e., as a PAT. Both hydrodynamic (pressure and discharge) and mechanical (rotational speed and torque) conditions were varied during the tests, with the aim to identify the most efficient PAT configurations and provide useful hints for possible real-world applications. The experimental findings confirm the good performances of the PAT system, especially when rotational speed and water demand are, respectively, larger than 850 rpm and 8 L/s, thus leading to efficiencies greater than 50%. Such findings were applied to a small municipality, where daily distribution of pressure and discharge were recorded upstream of the local WDN, where a Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV) is installed. Under the hypothesis of PRV replacement with the tested PAT, three different scenarios were studied, based on the mean recorded water demand and each characterized by specific values of PAT rotational speed. The best performances were observed for the largest tested speeds (1050 and 1250 rpm), which lead to pressure drops smaller than those actually due to the PRV, thus guaranteeing the minimum pressure for users, but also to mechanical powers smaller than 100 W. When a larger mean water demand is assumed, much better performances are reached, especially for large speeds (1250 rpm) that lead to mechanical powers larger than 1 kW combined to head drops a bit larger than those observed using the PRV. A suitable design is thus fundamental for the real-world PAT application.

scholarly journals Improving the Performance of Water Distribution Networks Based on the Value Index in the System Dynamics Framework

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2445
Author(s):  
Mohsen Hajibabaei ◽  
Sara Nazif ◽  
Robert Sitzenfrei
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Average Pressure ◽  
Environmental Performance Index ◽  
A Value ◽  
Per Capita

This study proposes an algorithm for the improvement of water distribution networks (WDNs) performance using system dynamics. In the first part, the hydraulic and environmental performance of WDNs is investigated. The hydraulic performance is assessed based on the pressure of nodes and the flow velocity in pipes. Furthermore, using life cycle assessment, an environmental performance index is proposed to examine the environmental impacts of WDNs. Moreover, in order to evaluate the overall performance in regards to the costs, a value index in the system dynamics framework is proposed. Then, based on the developed framework, improvement strategies for a WDN are assessed by applying scenarios according to constraints and requirements of the network. The considered scenarios are as follows: (1) reducing per capita water demand of the WDN; (2) decreasing the average pressure in the WDN; (3) reducing the mean age of the system by its renewing; and (4) a combination of reducing the per capita water demand and average pressure in the WDN. The results indicate that the best solutions for increasing the value index in this network are: (a) to reduce the pressure of the pressure reducing valves (PRV) from 30 to 28 m; (b) to reduce the per capita water demand by the annual rate of 0.5% and 1% and decreasing the pressure of the PRV valves together. Therefore, it is shown how the developed algorithm is a purposeful approach for evaluating and improving the performance of WDNs based on the value index.

scholarly journals Real-Time Burst Detection in District Metering Areas in Water Distribution System Based on Patterns of Water Demand with Supervised Learning

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingjie Huang ◽  
Naifu Zhu ◽  
Dibo Hou ◽  
Jinyu Chen ◽  
Yao Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supervised Learning ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Burst Detection ◽  
Pipe Burst ◽  
Dynamic Time

This paper proposes a new method to detect bursts in District Metering Areas (DMAs) in water distribution systems. The methodology is divided into three steps. Firstly, Dynamic Time Warping was applied to study the similarity of daily water demand, extract different patterns of water demand, and remove abnormal patterns. In the second stage, according to different water demand patterns, a supervised learning algorithm was adopted for burst detection, which established a leakage identification model for each period of time, respectively, using a sliding time window. Finally, the detection process was performed by calculating the abnormal probability of flow during a certain period by the model and identifying whether a burst occurred according to the set threshold. The method was validated on a case study involving a DMA with engineered pipe-burst events. The results obtained demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively detect bursts, with a low false-alarm rate and high accuracy.

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