Perforation washing: a successful technique for treating formation damage in Sangatta oil field, Kalimantan

Mineral scaling has been considered a great concern for developing the oil production from the underground petroleum reservoirs. One of the main causes of this phenomenon is known as the chemical incompatibility of injected brine, frequently sea water, with the reservoir brine leading to the deposition of various supersaturated salts such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and barium sulfate. In present communication, an evolutionary approach namely, Gene Expression Programming (GEP), was employed for rigorous modeling of formation damage by mineral scaling of mixed sulfate salt deposition. At first, a large databank of damaged permeability datapoints as a function of injected volume, injection flowrate, temperature, differential pressure and ionic concentrations of the existing chemical species in the porous media was employed. In this regard, a user-friendly correlation was extended for the first time by the aforementioned technique in the literature. Professional evaluation of the suggested GEP-based model was implemented by different statistical parameters and appealing visualization tools. Having proposed the GEP-based correlation, statistical parameters of the Average Absolute Relative Deviation Percent (AARD%) of 0.640% and determination coefficient (R2) of 0.984 was calculated. Accordingly, it is demonstrated that the proposed model has a superior performance and great potential for efficient prediction of damaged permeability due to the mixed sulfate salt scaling. Moreover, the implemented outlier diagnosis technique verified the validity of the databank used for modeling, as well as the high robustness of the suggested model was confirmed. In conclusion, the developed correlation in this work can be of enormous practical value for skillful engineers and scientists in any academic study and industrial applications dealing with mixed salt deposition.

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Chemical and biological compatibility of different injection waters with Zubair Formation Water of Upper Sand Member in Zubair Oil Field, South of Iraq

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/877/1/012013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 877 (1) ◽

pp. 012013

Author(s):

Inass Abdal Razaq Almallah ◽

Fahad Al Najm ◽

Zainb Ali Husain

Keyword(s):

Water Samples ◽

Water Injection ◽

Oil Field ◽

Water Flooding ◽

Formation Damage ◽

Formation Water ◽

Chemical Compatibility ◽

Weakly Alkaline ◽

Weakly Acid ◽

Biological Compatibility

Abstract Water injection by water flooding was used to enhance and increase oil production in Zubair oil field, southern Iraq. Physical-chemical and biological analysis of five water samples from different sources were collected to evaluate its compatibility with formation water using biological experiments and chemical compatibility simulation. The results show that injection water is classified weakly acidic-weakly alkaline and saline water, whereas surface water samples are considered weakly acid-weakly alkaline. The total dissolved solids results show brackish types accept for Formation water which classified weakly acid and Brine water. All the studied water samples contain bacteria colonies of Escherichia coli and Coliform expect for one sample, while Sulfate Reducing Bacteria was founded in all studied samples. Mathematical model of chemical compatibility between studied water samples and Zubair Formation water of the scale prediction model show that there are no needs for any inhibition treatments of all scales except for Geothite and Dolomite that should be treated before water injection. The biological compatibility experiments results show Formation damage about (61%) and (69%) in the studied core samples, while Bactria in water injection caused formation damage about (20%) and (51%).

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Asphaltene Deposition during CO2 Flooding in Ultralow Permeability Reservoirs: A Case Study from Changqing Oil Field

Geofluids ◽

10.1155/2021/6626114 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Li Rong-tao ◽

Liao Xin-wei ◽

Zou Jian-dong ◽

Gao Chang-wang ◽

Zhao Dong-feng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Injection Rate ◽

Oil Field ◽

Formation Damage ◽

Co2 Flooding ◽

Asphaltene Precipitation ◽

Asphaltene Content ◽

Asphaltene Deposition ◽

Ultralow Permeability

Asphaltene deposition is a common phenomenon during CO2 flooding in ultralow permeability reservoirs. The deposited asphaltene occupies the pore volume and decreases permeability, resulting in serious formation damage and pore well productivity. It is urgent to investigate the asphaltene deposition mechanisms, adverse effects, and preventive measures. However, few asphaltene deposition investigations have been systematically conducted by now. In this research, the asphaltene precipitation mechanisms and adverse effects were comprehensively investigated by using experimental and numerical methods. To study the effects of pressure, asphaltene content, and temperature on asphaltene precipitation qualitatively and quantitatively, the microscope visible detection experiment and the PVT cell static experiment were firstly conducted. The adverse effects on porosity and permeability resulted from asphaltene deposition were also studied by the core flooding experiment. Secondly, simulation models of asphaltene precipitation and deposition were developed and validated by experimental data. Finally, a case study from Changqing oil field was presented to analyze the asphaltene deposition characteristic and preventive measures. The experimental results showed that the asphaltene precipitation increases with the increased pressure before reaching the minimum miscible pressure (MMP) and gets the peak value around the MMP, while decreases slowly. The asphaltene precipitation increases with the increased temperature and asphaltene content. The variation trend of adverse effects on porosity and permeability resulted from asphaltene deposition is similar to that of asphaltene precipitation under the influence of pressure, asphaltene content, and temperature. The case study shows that the water-altering-gas (WAG) with high injection rate suffers more serious asphaltene deposition compared with the WAG with low injection rate, for the asphaltene precipitation increases as the increased pressure before reaching the MMP. The CO2 continuous injection with high injection rate is the worst choice, for low sweep efficiency and the most severe formation damage. Thus, the WAG with optimal injection rate was proposed to maintain well productivity and to reduce formation damage resulted from asphaltene deposition during developing ultralow permeability reservoirs.

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A Core Flood Test-Program Performed with a Pilot-Skid to Quantify the Permeability Decline Induced by Real Treated Produced Waters Also Containing Degraded Polymer or Not

10.2118/207633-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rezki Oughanem ◽

Thomas Gumpenberger ◽

Jean Grégoire Boero-Rollo ◽

Scherwan Suleiman ◽

Jalel Ochi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Produced Water ◽

Oil Field ◽

Formation Damage ◽

Core Flooding ◽

Sweep Efficiency ◽

Produced Waters ◽

Core Flood ◽

Core Permeability ◽

Degraded Polymer

Abstract A water treatment pilot skid called WaOω has been developed by TotalEnergies to test the efficiency of the centrifugation technology in treating the produced water containing back produced polymer. In case of success, this technology would be implemented on field and the water quality targeted by the technology must allow re-injecting the treated produced water in matrix flow regime for pressure maintain and sweep efficiency. The same interest was expressed by OMV and a partnership project has been built. It was also agreed that OMV builds a second pilot skid called PRT that allows carrying out core flood tests onsite to assess the formation damage and related permeability decline that could be induced by the treated produced water. Both pilot skids have been implemented, connected to each other, and tested during more than one year on the OMV's Matzen oil field nearby Vienna where degraded polymer is already back produced by wells and present in the produced water. More than seventy core flooding tests have been performed in different centrifugation conditions in terms of speed and water qualities, some of them on high permeable sand packs representing the field targeted by TotalEnergies and some others on consolidated sandstone samples of lower permeability representing OMV reservoirs. The effect of adding fresh polymer to the treated produced water for EOR purposes has also been investigated. Some complementary core flood tests have also been performed in TotalEnergies labs using reconstituted sand packs and produced waters with and without polymer to understand the contribution of the degraded polymer alone, the produced water quality alone and both to understand the formation damage and some uncommon results observed with the PRT pilot skid. Core flood tests data often obtained on long injection periods revealed of a high quality, reliable and reproducible. They also showed that even if centrifugation seems to be a good technology, the very clean and transparent water that it delivered induced surprisingly some core permeability declines the origin of which would be discussed in this paper. However, it was clearly established that the presence of degraded polymer has a cleaning effect and limits the formation damage induced by the produced water injected on cores if the Total Suspended Solids in the treated water remains at an acceptable level. Adding fresh polymers limited even more the formation damage because their cleaning effect is more pronounced than with degraded polymer.

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