PENICILLIN PRODUCTION BY MUTANT OF Penicillium chrysogenum

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Dudi Hardianto ◽  
Suyanto . ◽  
Erwahyuni Endang Prabandari ◽  
Lira Windriawati ◽  
Edy Marwanta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Irradiation ◽  
Penicillium Chrysogenum ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Strain Improvement ◽  
Penicillin Production ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Random Mutation ◽  
Type Mutant ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Alexander Fleming

Penisilin adalah antibiotika yang pertama kali ditemukan dan digunakan untuk pengobatan infeksi bakteri. Sejak ditemukan penisilin sebagai antibiotika oleh Alexander Fleming pada tahun 1928, banyak usaha dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas Penicillium chrysogenum. Pemuliaan galur untuk meningkatkan produksi penisilin dapat menggunakan mutasi acak secara fisika dan kimia. Pada penelitian ini, radiasi sinar ultraviolet digunakan untuk mendapatkan mutan P. chrysogenum. Produksi penisilin ditentukan menggunakan HPLC dan produktivitas mutan dibandingkan dengan induk P. chrysogenum. Mutan M12 menghasilkan penisilin 1,23 kali lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan induk P. chrysogenum.Kata kunci: Penisilin, Penicillium chrysogenum, ultraviolet, mutan, radiasi ABSTRACTPenicillin is the first antibiotic discovered and used for treatment of bacterial infections. Since the discovery of penicillin as antibiotic by Alexander Fleming in 1928, much effort has been invested to improve productivity of Penicillium chrysogenum. Strain improvement to increase the penicillin production can be carried out by physical and chemical random mutation. In this research, ultraviolet irradiation was used to obtain P. chrysogenum mutant. Penicillin production was determined by using HPLC and productivity of P. chrysogenum mutants was compared to the wild type. Mutant M12 produced 1.23 fold higher penicillin than the wild type did.Keywords: Penicillin, Penicillium chrysogenum, ultraviolet, mutant, radiation

scholarly journals Eighty Years after Its Discovery, Fleming's Penicillium Strain Discloses the Secret of Its Sex

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Hoff ◽  
Stefanie Pöggeler ◽  
Ulrich Kück
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Strain Improvement ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Penicillin Production ◽  
Industrial Strain ◽  
Pheromone Receptor ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Alexander Fleming ◽  
Penicillium Strain

ABSTRACT Eighty years ago, Alexander Fleming discovered antibacterial activity in the asexual mold Penicillium, and the strain he studied later was replaced by an overproducing isolate still used for penicillin production today. Using a heterologous PCR approach, we show that these strains are of opposite mating types and that both have retained transcriptionally expressed pheromone and pheromone receptor genes required for sexual reproduction. This discovery extends options for industrial strain improvement programs using conventional genetical approaches.

scholarly journals Insight into the Genome of Diverse Penicillium chrysogenum Strains: Specific Genes, Cluster Duplications and DNA Fragment Translocations

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3936
Author(s):  
Juan F. Martín
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Penicillium Chrysogenum ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Strain Improvement ◽  
Pulse Field ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Dna Fragment

Background: There are eighteen species within the Penicillium genus section chrysogena, including the original penicillin producers Penicillium notatum (Fleming strain) and Penicillium chrysogenum NRRL 1951. Other wild type isolates of the Penicillium genus are relevant for the production of useful proteins and primary or secondary metabolites. The aim of this article is to characterize strain specific genes and those genes which are involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, particularly the mutations that have been introduced during the β-lactams strain improvement programs. Results: The available genomes of several classical and novel P. chrysogenum strains have been compared. The first genome sequenced was that of the reference strain P. chrysogenum Wis54-1255, which derives from the wild type P. chrysogenum NRRL 1951; its genome size is 32.19 Mb and it encodes 12,943 proteins. Four chromosomes were resolved in P. chrysogenum and P. notatum by pulse field gel electrophoresis. The genomes of three industrial strains have a similar size but contain gene duplications and truncations; the penicillin gene cluster copy number ranges from one in the wild type to twelve in the P. chrysogenum ASP-E1 industrial strain and is organized in head to tail tandem repeats. The genomes of two new strains, P. chrysogenum KF-25, a producer of antifungal proteins isolated from a soil sample, and P. chrysogenum HKF2, a strain with carbohydrate-converting activities isolated from a sludge treatment plant, showed strain specific genes. Conclusions: The overall comparison of all available P. chrysogenum genomes indicates that there are a significant number of strain-specific genes, mutations of structural and regulatory genes, gene cluster duplications and DNA fragment translocations. This information provides important leads to improve the biosynthesis of enzymes, antifungal agents, prebiotics or different types of secondary metabolites.

scholarly journals Increased Penicillin Production in Penicillium chrysogenum Production Strains via Balanced Overexpression of Isopenicillin N Acyltransferase

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (19) ◽  
pp. 7107-7113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan S. Weber ◽  
Fabiola Polli ◽  
Rémon Boer ◽  
Roel A. L. Bovenberg ◽  
Arnold J. M. Driessen
Keyword(s):  
Penicillium Chrysogenum ◽  
Phenylacetic Acid ◽  
Strain Improvement ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Penicillin Biosynthesis ◽  
Penicillin Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Coa Ligase ◽  
Isopenicillin N

ABSTRACTIntense classical strain improvement has yielded industrialPenicillium chrysogenumstrains that produce high titers of penicillin. These strains contain multiple copies of the penicillin biosynthesis cluster encoding the three key enzymes: δ-(l-α-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase (ACVS), isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), and isopenicillin N acyltransferase (IAT). The phenylacetic acid coenzyme A (CoA) ligase (PCL) gene encoding the enzyme responsible for the activation of the side chain precursor phenylacetic acid is localized elsewhere in the genome in a single copy. Since the protein level of IAT already saturates at low cluster copy numbers, IAT might catalyze a limiting step in high-yielding strains. Here, we show that penicillin production in high-yielding strains can be further improved by the overexpression of IAT while at very high levels of IAT the precursor 6-aminopenicillic acid (6-APA) accumulates. Overproduction of PCL only marginally stimulates penicillin production. These data demonstrate that in high-yielding strains IAT is the limiting factor and that this limitation can be alleviated by a balanced overproduction of this enzyme.

Methods of Random Mutagenesis of Aspergillus Strain for Increasing Kojic Acid Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman Suryadi ◽  
Marina Ika Irianti ◽  
Tri Hastuti Septiarini
Keyword(s):  
Acid Production ◽  
Kojic Acid ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Random Mutagenesis ◽  
Strain Improvement ◽  
Temperature Plasma ◽  
Acid Yield ◽  
Chemical Mutagens ◽  
Kojic Acid Production ◽  
Physical And Chemical

: Kojic acid is an organic acid that is commonly used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This acid compound is a secondary metabolite produced by various microorganisms, one of which is Aspergillus oryzae. Typically, improving the strain can enhance kojic acid production. A mutation is one of the tools to perform strain improvement because the change in kojic acid-producing genes effectively increases kojic acid yield. Random mutagenesis is a classic approach for inducing and producing mutants with random mutations. The mutagenesis can be generated by the individual physical and chemical mutagen, combined physical and chemical mutagens, or initiate by protoplast preparation. Aspergillus strains that are exposed to physical mutagens (e.g., UV) or chemical mutagens (e.g., N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG)) showed their abilities in increasing kojic acid production. Several new mutation methods, such as Ion Beam Implantation and Atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP), also showed good responses in enhancing the production of biological products such as kojic acid. This review compared different random mutagenesis methods of Aspergillus strain with various mutagen types to provide better insight for researchers in choosing the most suitable method to increase kojic acid production.

Mechanisms for auto-inhibition and forced product release in glycine N-methyltransferase: crystal structures of wild-type, mutant R175K and S-adenosylhomocysteine-bound R175K enzymes

2000 ◽  
Vol 298 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafei Huang ◽  
Junichi Komoto ◽  
Kiyoshi Konishi ◽  
Yoshimi Takata ◽  
Hirofumi Ogawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Product Release ◽  
Type Mutant

scholarly journals The single transmembrane segment of gp210 is sufficient for sorting to the pore membrane domain of the nuclear envelope.

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (6) ◽  
pp. 1441-1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
R W Wozniak ◽  
G Blobel
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Nuclear Pore Complex ◽  
Immunofluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Nuclear Pore ◽  
Transmembrane Helices ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Transmembrane Segment ◽  
Membrane Domain ◽  
3T3 Cells ◽  
Type Mutant

The glycoprotein gp210 is located in the "pore membrane," a specialized domain of the nuclear envelope to which the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is anchored. gp210 contains a large cisternal domain, a single transmembrane segment (TM), and a COOH-terminal, 58-amino acid residue cytoplasmic tail (CT) (Wozniak, R. W., E. Bartnik, and G. Blobel. 1989. J. Cell Biol. 108:2083-2092; Greber, U. F., A. Senior, and L. Gerace. 1990. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 9:1495-1502). To locate determinants for sorting of gp210 to the pore membrane, we constructed various cDNAs coding for wild-type, mutant, and chimeric gp210, and monitored localization of the expressed protein in 3T3 cells by immunofluorescence microscopy using appropriate antibodies. The large cisternal domain of gp210 (95% of its mass) did not reveal any sorting determinants. Surprisingly, the TM of gp210 is sufficient for sorting to the pore membrane. The CT also contains a sorting determinant, but it is weaker than that of the TM. We propose specific lateral association of the transmembrane helices of two proteins to yield either a gp210 homodimer or a heterodimer of gp210 and another protein. The cytoplasmically oriented tails of these dimers may bind cooperatively to the adjacent NPCs. In addition, we demonstrate that gp210 co-localizes with cytoplasmically dispersed nucleoporins, suggesting a cytoplasmic association of these components.

scholarly journals Effect of Gamma-Rays on the Growth and Penicillin Production of Penicillium chrysogenum

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 779-788
Author(s):  
Mohammed Aljeldah ◽  
Hosam El-Sayyad ◽  
Nasreldin Elhadi ◽  
Ali Rabaan
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Penicillium Chrysogenum ◽  
Penicillin Production

scholarly journals Single-tube genotyping for small insertion/deletion mutations: simultaneous identification of wild type, mutant and heterozygous alleles

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Lin ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Iain D C Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Wild Type ◽  
Single Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Deletion Mutations ◽  
Systematic Testing ◽  
Small Indels ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Induced Mutagenesis ◽  
Type Mutant ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Simultaneous Identification

Abstract Current methods of genotyping small insertion/deletion (indel) mutations are costly, laborious, and can be unreliable. To address this, we have developed a method for small indel genotyping in a single polymerase chain reaction, with wild-type, heterozygous and mutant alleles distinguishable by band pattern in routine agarose gel electrophoresis. We demonstrate this method with multiple genes to distinguish 10 bp, 4 bp and even 1 bp deletions from the wild type. Through systematic testing of numerous primer designs, we also propose guidelines for genotyping small indel mutations. Our method provides a convenient approach to genotyping small indels derived from clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-mediated gene editing, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea induced mutagenesis or diagnosis of naturally occurring polymorphisms/mutations.

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