Understanding Turkish Classical Makam: Identifying Modes Through Characteristic Melodies

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adem Merter Birson ◽  
Ahmet Erdoğdular
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Music Theory ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Modal System ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Idiomatic Expression ◽  
Oral Form ◽  
Extended Interaction

In Turkish classical music, characteristic melodies known as “çeşni-s” form essential building blocks in makam, the modal system of the Middle East. Since around the beginning of the Turkish Republic (1923), Turkish musicologists adapted the makam system for Western staff notation and devised an approach to music theory based on scales. This modern approach, while currently widespread, has its limitations; in particular, the makam scales do not reflect the characteristic melodies that are often so important to the idiomatic expression of makam. For this reason, one needs extended interaction with experienced musicians in order to learn how to interpret the scores, via an oral form of pedagogy traditionally known as “meşk.”

St. Petersburg Conservatory and the Beginnings of Russian Musicology

2018 ◽  
pp. 223-248
Author(s):  
Olga Panteleeva
Keyword(s):  
Music Theory ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Leading Role

This chapter looks at St. Petersburg Conservatory and Soviet musicology. The St. Petersburg Conservatory bears Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's name not only on account of the composer's contribution to the Russian classical music canon, but because he is perceived as a progenitor of the institutionalized study of music in Russia—both practical and theoretical. It is true that Rimsky-Korsakov played a leading role in shaping the first syllabi of music-theoretical courses at the St. Petersburg Conservatory. However, the lineage that connects these courses to the present-day curricula is by no means as direct as it is sometimes painted. The chapter then argues that under Rimsky-Korsakov, music theory was seen as the handmaiden to composition, which hindered the institutionalization of historical musicology.

“When I Was at School, I Played All Classical Music”

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Vic Hobson
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Music Education ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
Music Theory ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Elementary Years

This chapter explores Armstrong’s education in music at Abijah Fisk School. He learned music theory using the tonic sol-fa system that was taught in all New Orleans public schools. He sang songs from the Eleanor Smith Manual of Music (book 1). The program of music education in New Orleans was entirely vocal: there were no instrumental lessons. The music in the elementary years was sung in unison without part singing.

scholarly journals The Terminology of Borrowing

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (02) ◽  
pp. 139-156
Author(s):  
Manuella Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Classical Music ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Electroacoustic Music ◽  
Compositional Process ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
Theme And Variations ◽  
Recorded Sound ◽  
Cover Songs ◽  
New Framework

This article specifically addresses electroacoustic music compositions that borrow from existing musical and sound resources. Investigating works that borrow and thrive upon existing sound sources presents an array of issues regarding terminology, authorship and creativity. Embedding borrowed elements into new electroacoustic music goes beyond the simplicity of ‘cut and paste’ as composers approach this practice with new and novel techniques. Musical borrowings have been widely studied in fields of popular and classical music, from cover songs to quotations and from pastiches to theme and variations; however, borrowings that take place within the field of electroacoustic music can be less clear or defined, and demand a closer look. Because the components and building blocks of electroacoustic music are often recorded sound, the categories of borrowing become vast; thus incidences of borrowing, in some shape or form, can appear inevitable or unavoidable when composing. The author takes on this issue and proposes a new framework for categorising borrowings as a helpful aid for others looking to sample in new compositional work, as well as for further musicological study. The article will consider the compositional process of integration and reworking of borrowed material, using a repertoire study to showcase the variety of techniques in play when sound materials change hands, composer to composer. Terminology already in use by others to describe sound borrowing in electroacoustic music will be investigated in an effort to show the multitude of considerations and components in action when borrowing takes place. Motivations for borrowing, borrowing types, borrowing durations, copying as imitation, and composers’ reflections upon borrowing will all be considered within the article, along with discussions on programmatic development and embedding techniques. At the heart of this article, the author aims to show how widespread and pervasive borrowing is within the electroacoustic repertoire by drawing attention to varieties of sound transplants, all considered as acts of borrowing.

scholarly journals Prevention and Control of Foodborne Diseases in Middle-East North African Countries: Review of National Control Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dima Faour-Klingbeil ◽  
Ewen C. D. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Foodborne Diseases ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Food Control

Foodborne diseases continue to be a global public health problem with an estimated 600 million people falling ill annually. In return, international standards are becoming stricter which poses challenges to food trade. In light of the increasing burden of foodborne diseases, many countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have upgraded their food laws and undertaken changes to the organizational structure of their regulatory institutions to maintain or expand international export activities, tighten control on local and imported products, and protect consumers’ health. However, until this date, the published information on the regional health burdens of foodborne diseases is very limited and it is not clear whether the recent changes will serve towards science-based and effective preventive functions and the adoption of the risk management approach. In this review, we summarize the recent food safety issues and the national food control systems of selected countries in the region although we were challenged with the scarcity of information. To this end, we examined the national food safety systems in the context of the five essential elements of the FAO/WHO Guidelines for Strengthening National Food Control Systems. These five elements—food law and regulations; food control management; inspection services; laboratory services; food monitoring; and epidemiological data, information, education, communication, and training—constitute the building blocks of a national food control system, but could also serve as tools to assess the effectiveness of the systems.

scholarly journals Integrated healthcare models for rheumatoid arthritis: A descriptive systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Valentina Vodopivec ◽  
Hubertus JM Vrijhoef
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Integrated Care ◽  
Patient Empowerment ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Models Of Care ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Experience Of Care ◽  
Care Models ◽  
Patients Experience ◽  
Integrated Care Models

Introduction Integrated people-centred care is a modern approach for addressing healthcare issues related to demographic changes, increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, and restricted resources. By providing an overview of integrated care models for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, we aimed to offer insight into the strategies and interventions that are being used for designing and implementing integrated models of care for this patient group, and their outcomes. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search of peer-reviewed literature available in English and published between 2013 and 2018, using three databases: Cochrane, PubMed and EMBASE. We analysed the publications based on the Framework on integrated people-centred health services and the Triple/Quadruple Aim framework. Results We identified 1271 records. After screening, 50 articles met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Approaches for improving patient empowerment, engagement and experience of care were most prevalent in the identified care profiles. Similarly, frequently reported outcomes were related to improvements in patients’ experience of care and their health status. Most of the studies we reviewed did not demonstrate notable improvements from the perspective of cost-effectiveness or benefits for the healthcare workforce. Conclusions Our findings suggest that for rheumatoid arthritis, integrated care is in the early stages of development. Strategies focusing on patient outcomes and patient satisfaction were found to be prioritised. Future initiatives aiming to redesign rheumatology care should adopt systems thinking perspective to better address all of the building blocks of people-centred integrated care.

scholarly journals Heaps' Law and Vocabulary Richness in the History of Classical Music Harmony

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Serra-Peralta ◽  
Joan Serrà ◽  
Álvaro Corral
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Musical Language ◽  
Vocabulary Richness ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract Music is a fundamental human construct, and harmony provides the building blocks of musical language. Using the Kunstderfuge corpus of classical music, we analyze the historical evolution of the richness of harmonic vocabulary of 76 classical composers, covering almost 6 centuries. Such corpus comprises about 9500 pieces, resulting in more than 5 million tokens of music codewords. The fulfilment of Heaps' law for the relation between the size of the harmonic vocabulary of a composer (in codeword types) and the total length of his works (in codeword tokens), with an exponent around 0.35, allows us to define a relative measure of vocabulary richness that has a transparent interpretation. When coupled with the considered corpus, this measure allows us to quantify harmony richness across centuries, unveiling a clear increasing linear trend. In this way, we are able to rank the composers in terms of richness of vocabulary, in the same way as for other related metrics, such as entropy. We find that the latter is particularly highly correlated with our measure of richness. Our approach is not specific for music and can be applied to other systems built by tokens of different types, as for instance natural language.

scholarly journals The 36th Annual Meeting of the Middle East Studies Association of North America

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-166
Author(s):  
Kamran A. Bokhari
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Religious Conversion ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
Business Meetings ◽  
Middle East Studies

The 36th annual meeting of the Middle East Studies Association of NorthAmerica (MESA), was held at the Wardman Park Hotel, Washington, DC,November 23-26, 2002. This conference, possibly the largest gathering ofscholars and students of the Middle East, took place in an atmosphere saturatedby 9/11 and Washington’s plans for an all-out war against Iraq, aswell as considerable right-wing and pro-Zionist pressure applied by suchmembers of the epistemic community of scholars, journalists, and policyanalysts as Daniel Pipes (the Middle East Forum) and Martin Kramer, aone-time director and currently a senior research fellow at Tel AvivUniversity’s Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies.Both are behind Campus Watch (http://www.campus-watch.org), whichmonitors academic discourse that opposes American foreign policy towardthe Muslim world and its one-sided support for Israel, and which maintainson its website a list of “un-American” academicians and apologists for“militant Islam” and rogue regimes.November 23, the first day, was reserved for the business meetings ofall groups having an institutional affiliation with MESA. The panels, presentedas parallel sessions, began on Sunday at 8:30 a.m. Also featured wasa presidential address by the outgoing president, a plenary session, a bookexhibition, an art gallery, and a film fest. MESA organizers reported that1,900 people attended the 156-panel event, along with 80 exhibitions.The first session featured panels on popular culture and identity in theMaghreb, women and development, issues in contemporary Iran, intellectualsand ideas in the making of the Turkish Republic, history of the Ottomanborderlands, legitimation of authority in early period of Islam, comparativeperceptions of the “other” in Israeli and Palestinian textbooks, comparativeanalysis of political Islam, religious conversion and identity, and the Arabicqasidah. There was also a roundtable discussion on water issues and a thematicconversation on 9/11 and the Muslim public sphere. In the following ...

scholarly journals Composing by Laypeople: A Broader Perspective Provided by Arithmetic Operation Grammar

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
Guido Kramann
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Music Theory ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Arithmetic Operation ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Approaches To Teaching ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Everyday Creativity

Abstract Many existing approaches to teaching laypeople to compose are based, to a certain extent, on simply hiding the theoretical background. This is done, for example, by offering ready-made musical events that can be combined in any way to organize them in time. A different approach is taken in the work presented here. As an alternative to classical music theory, with all its complications, the generative composition method Arithmetic Operation Grammar (AOG) is used, which is much easier to learn. This approach has been taken in the conviction that the leaner theory on which it is based, in combination with the compact symbolic representation of entire compositions, can make a significant contribution to bringing forward the “everyday creativity” in the field of ubiquitous music. Furthermore, in the field of sonification, AOG offers the possibility of sonifying data that do not inherently include time as an ordering parameter. To prove practical use of this approach, AOG is combined with a user interface that is more suitable for adults as a target group and another one that is more appropriate for primary school children.

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