scholarly journals The Predictability and the Flexibility of Tax Revenues in Pakistan

1962 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-214
Author(s):  
A. H. M. Nuruddin Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
National Output

Evolving an efficient tax system is a major concern in any developing country, because the pace and viability of development programmes depends heavily on the tax system. An efficient tax system should satisfy tests on many counts. This paper analyses two aspects of Pakistan's tax structure, namely, its predictability and its flexibility. In Section I, the efficacy of the revenue estimating procedures in Pakistan is analysed. Section II contains a discussion on the flexibility of the central tax revenues with respect to changes in the national output.

Preferences, Tax Structure and Tax Reform: Theory and Evidence

1975 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shlomo Maital
Keyword(s):  
Tax Reform ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Indirect Taxation ◽  
Tax System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pure Public Good ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
Current Shift ◽  
Optimal Tax Structure ◽  
The U.S

When the structure of tax revenues–the proportion of revenues earned by income, consumption and wealth taxes–is treated as a pure public good, a useful framework emerges for analyzing interrelationships among taxpayers' preferences, tax structure and tax reform. The “optimal” tax structure is defined and used to outline several conjectures about the current shift from direct to indirect taxation, evident particularly in Europe. Attention is then focused on the U.S. tax system. The structure of the tax system is shown to have changed very little in the past two decades. In contrast, interview surveys carried out over the past thirty years indicated a long-standing shift in taxpayers' preferences toward indirect taxes. Implications are drawn regarding tax reform.

scholarly journals The Tax Revenue in Iraq Between the Efficiency of Tax Administration and the Elements of the Success of the Tax System

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-73
Author(s):  
.Mohamed Helou Daoud Al-Khorsan ◽  
Hana Ali Hussein Al-Quraishi ◽  
Ziad Taher Mohamed Ali
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax Administration ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Modest Contribution ◽  
The Impact

There is growing interest by governments in different systems of government in which political ideas which it believes, taxes as instruments of fiscal policy, seeking to achieve through which political, social and economic goals as well as "financial targets, as the tax policy formulated objectives and plans its revenues consistently and harmony with the objectives of economic policy in general, In the context of the tax reform, different countries have resorted to the search for possible alternatives to maintain a financially, economically and socially effective fiscal policy. Iraq should not be different from these countries. It establishes a fiscal policy to achieve tax revenues by activating the role of the tax system to strengthen the budget in the light of economic changes and financial crises in recent years, The main reason for the need to activate the tax system in Iraq is the very modest contribution of tax revenues within the state budget, To address the reasons for the low contribution of tax revenues it is necessary to identify the elements of the success of the tax system and discuss the tax revenue in two aspects The level of general headquarters and branches on the one hand, and knowledge the facilities or obstacles which is provided by the tax system   to increase the proceeds of the receipt of the other, and finally reach the reform of the tax system, which we find an important requirement for the reform of the Iraqi financial and economic system in this time, In this context, the study deals with the tax revenues in Iraq as planned by the tax administration in accordance with the statistics of the tax administration and then identify the impact of the tax system in making the proceeds low for public revenues.

scholarly journals Modernization of tax structure in Kosovo

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Remzi Smajli
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Tax Administration ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
System Transformation ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Power Efficient ◽  
Fiscal System ◽  
Economic Balance ◽  
The Right

An advantage in stabile economic balance in different countries is undoubtedly the form of fiscal system. Transformation towards modernization of the tax administration can undoubtedly bring favor the development of the economy with special emphasis on small business and middle. Fundamental changes that must occur in the tax structure redistribution of the tax burden and broaden the tax base. However leaders in this area requires special attention because this hypothesis is quite challenging because of the possible consequences. The main directions should have the right tax policy orientation; change in structure between direct and indirect taxes and tax structure right from the central or local level decentralization of tax power. Efficient functioning of the tax administration services and providing suitable conditions for fulfillment by taxpayers is the challenge of the tax system in Kosovo. One of the prerequisites of the efficiency of the tax system, in addition to organizational activities is the provision of modern information system, on which the tax administration of Kosovo should be on the cutting edge. This will simultaneously be the topic of discussion in my next paper for the Conference

The Built-In Flexibility of Income and Consumption Taxes in OECD Countries

2017 ◽  
pp. 162-170
Author(s):  
Binhan Elif Yılmaz ◽  
Sinan Ataer
Keyword(s):  
Income Elasticity ◽  
National Income ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Cyclical Fluctuations ◽  
Relative Change ◽  
Consumption Taxes ◽  
Automatic Stabilizers

Compatible with a variety of cyclical fluctuations in fiscal policy, is the automatic stabilising fiscal policies. There is a need to calculate the income elasticity of tax for relieving the effects of cyclical fluctuations. Income elasticity of tax, that is tax revenue have relative change, the ratio of the relative change in national income. This ratio must be bigger than 1 to label a tax system as elastic. If this ratio is bigger than 1, this situation also show the tax system has an automatic stabilizing feature. By that way, without any changes in tax structure, tax revenues increase in the deflation times and decrease in the inflation times. The automatically compensatory movement of tax revenues, generally referred to as “built-in flexibility”, has received increasing attention. The aim of this study is examining the existence of automatic stabilizers in the OECD countries by evaluating the income elasticity of income and consumption taxes and by making cross-countries comparatives.

scholarly journals The Structure of the Tax System Versus the Level of Taxation: An Evaluation of the 1986 Act

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gregory Ballentine
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
High Income ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Policy Goal ◽  
Tax System ◽  
System Versus ◽  
The Future

In this paper, I assess the 1986 Tax Reform Act relative to the tax system that might have evolved over the several years following 1986 had that particular tax reform not been enacted. Had tax reform not been enacted, I believe that the pattern of steady tax increases, particularly corporate tax increases and tax increases on high-income individuals such as occurred in the 1982 and 1984 tax acts would have continued. I also believe that the 1986 Tax Reform Act introduced an income tax system that will be quite stable; broad changes, in particular changes that raise a large amount of income tax revenues, are unlikely for many years. So I am comparing the tax structure of the 1986 Tax Reform Act to a system that, in part, has an inferior structure, but that provides more revenues. Since I believe that the most important tax policy goal in 1986 and later should have been to raise revenues, not to revise the structure of the tax system, I believe that the 1986 Tax Reform Act was harmful. Tax reform not only did not raise revenues, it has made it more difficult to raise revenues in the future, without providing significant offsetting benefits.

ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF TAXATION BY INCOME TAXES (OUTLINE OF THE PROBLEM)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-49
Author(s):  
Tomasz Wołowiec
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Economic Growth Rate ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate

Public discussions concerning tax system reforms are dominated by the view that lowering taxes is the only panacea for stimulating economic growth. But is this really so? To be able to answer this question we need to examine how the level of fiscal burden and structure of budget tax revenues are correlated with GDP growth rate (27 EU countries, data 2000-2018). A relationship that is particularly examined is the correlation between the level of fiscal burden in personal income tax and economic growth rate. Considerably less attention is paid in various analyses to the influence of the structure of budget tax revenues on economic growth.

Wine Taxes, Production, Aging and Quality

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael E. Goodhue ◽  
Jeffrey T. LaFrance ◽  
Leo K. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ad Valorem

AbstractWe consider the impact of taxes on the quantity and quality produced by a competitive firm of goods, such as wine, for which market value accrues with age. Our analysis found the following: an increase in the volumetric retail tax collected at sale increases quality, so that the basic Alchian-Allen effect holds. However, an increase in the volumetric storage tax collected each period decreases quality, as does an increase in the ad valorem storage tax. The effect of an increase in the ad valorem retail tax on quality is indeterminate. Increases in any of the four taxes reduce the quantity of wine produced. Any two-tax system that includes a volumetric sales tax spans the full range of feasible tax revenues with positive tax rates. For any tax system that reduces quality relative to the firm's no-tax equilibrium, there is another tax system that increases tax revenues, eliminates the quality distortion, and does not increase the quantity distortion. Many wine industry observers believe that most, if not all, existing tax systems tend to result in the suboptimal provision of quality. Our results suggest that the wide variety of wine tax systems is not prima facie evidence that these systems, or most of them, are inefficient. Provided the system includes a volumetric sales tax it may be efficient, regardless of which of the other instruments, or how many of them, are used. Assertions regarding inefficiency must be evaluated on an empirical case-by-case basis. Our analysis provides a theoretical framework for such research. (JEL Classification: D2, H2, Q1)

Horizontal Equity with Respect to Family Size

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Habib
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Horizontal Equity ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Tax System

This article examines the pattern of family-size tax reductions implied by a concern for horizontal equity. Conditions are derived for a falling or rising pattern of reductions with respect to income and for the pattern of marginal reductions at a given income level. The required pattern is systematically related to assumptions about the variations in needs, with family size and the desired progressivity of the tax system. The case in which economies of scale vary with the level of income is singled out and it is shown that previous treatments of this case have been inadequate. Based on this analysis, the adequacy of reductions in the Israeli tax structure is examined.

scholarly journals Reappraising the Tax Gap

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Richard Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Tax Laws ◽  
Tax Gap ◽  
Economic Thinking ◽  
Tax Bases

The tax gap has been described as the amount of tax jurisdictions do not collect, caused by the tax system not being appropriately complied with—in the manner intended by the tax authority—given the current tax laws in operation. That description does, however, ignore the fact that substantial parts of their potential tax revenues are not collected by all governments as a result of their decisions not to tax some tax bases, or because of granted tax allowances, reliefs and exemptions, many of which in turn provide opportunities for tax abuse. This chapter considers the implications of reframing the tax gap to include these tax losses that arise as a result of government policy and suggests the changes in perception, including in macro-economic as well as micro-economic thinking, that might result if this were done. For this, the use of tax spillover analysis is recommended.

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