scholarly journals Transition in Primary and Secondary Schooling in Pakistan: Gender and Age Cohort Analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-71
Author(s):  
Naushin Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Primary Education ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Universal Primary Education ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Age Cohort

This study assesses the changing pattern of school attendance through age cohort analysis for both males and females in Pakistan. Based on the 1998 census data on educational attainment, the results indicate a profound rise in school attendance among younger age cohorts contributing to elimination of gender gap in primary-level schooling in urban areas only. The disadvantaged situation of rural females is reflected by a combination of low school entries/attendance to begin with, and high chance of discontinuing education before completing primary levels. The pattern of school transition reveals that among those few who have completed Class Five, the chances of staying through the secondary level are much higher—after which dropout accelerates rapidly. Two overall conclusions emerge from these results. First, the bulk of the deficit from universal primary education comes from females population, especially in rural areas. Second, the key to reducing dropouts and gender gap in school attendance lies in actions that raise the demand for schooling of girls, with equally matched availability of quality primary- and secondarylevel schools. It appears that achieving universal primary education by 2015, as mandated in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), remains a tall order for Pakistan.

Using a Rural Index to Assess Crime Risk and Crime Prevention Behavior Across the Urban–Rural Continuum: A Japanese Case Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 105756772110399
Author(s):  
Takahito Shimada ◽  
Ai Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Linear Pattern ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Prevention Behavior ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Municipal Level

The study proposes a new method of crime analysis combining data from multiple secondary data sources (census, open crime data, and social survey) to assess the risk of victimization and crime prevention behavior in resource-limited settings. Principal component analysis was performed on municipal-level census data ( n = 1,883) to generate a rural index that represents the ecological characteristics of each municipality across the urban–rural continuum. Multilevel logistic analyses were then applied to crime incident data ( n = 207,771) to assess the municipal-level effects on victims’ use of locks in motor vehicle and bicycle thefts. A linear pattern of victimization was found for bicycle theft (the risk was about one-thirtieth in the most rural municipalities than that in the most urban municipalities), while the pattern found was nonlinear for motor vehicle thefts. The analysis also revealed that victims in rural areas were less likely to have locked their vehicles before they were stolen than those living in urban areas. Using the rural index developed in this study, police forces can have a better understanding of crime problems in their jurisdiction across the urban–rural continuum. The study discusses the implications of the results for crime prevention and problem-solving policymaking in the urban–rural continuum.

Mitigating gender gap in access to primary education in rural areas of Morocco

Africa Review ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50
Author(s):  
Young Joo Lee ◽  
Fouad Mouktaoui ◽  
YoungHwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Primary Education ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Rural Areas

scholarly journals Mapping poverty using mobile phone and satellite data

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (127) ◽  
pp. 20160690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica E. Steele ◽  
Pål Roe Sundsøy ◽  
Carla Pezzulo ◽  
Victor A. Alegana ◽  
Tomas J. Bird ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Mobile Data ◽  
Poverty Measures ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Poverty is one of the most important determinants of adverse health outcomes globally, a major cause of societal instability and one of the largest causes of lost human potential. Traditional approaches to measuring and targeting poverty rely heavily on census data, which in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are unavailable or out-of-date. Alternate measures are needed to complement and update estimates between censuses. This study demonstrates how public and private data sources that are commonly available for LMICs can be used to provide novel insight into the spatial distribution of poverty. We evaluate the relative value of modelling three traditional poverty measures using aggregate data from mobile operators and widely available geospatial data. Taken together, models combining these data sources provide the best predictive power (highest r 2 = 0.78) and lowest error, but generally models employing mobile data only yield comparable results, offering the potential to measure poverty more frequently and at finer granularity. Stratifying models into urban and rural areas highlights the advantage of using mobile data in urban areas and different data in different contexts. The findings indicate the possibility to estimate and continually monitor poverty rates at high spatial resolution in countries with limited capacity to support traditional methods of data collection.

scholarly journals Diet Quality and Neighborhood Environment in the Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow’s Health Project

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3217
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn Gilham ◽  
Qianqian Gu ◽  
Trevor J. B. Dummer ◽  
John J. Spinelli ◽  
Rachel A. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Neighborhood Environment ◽  
Neighbourhood Environment ◽  
Deprived Neighbourhoods ◽  
Intermediate Density

An understanding of relationships between different constructs of the neighbourhood environment and diet quality is needed to inform public health interventions. This study investigated associations between material deprivation, social deprivation and population density with diet quality in a cohort of 19,973 Canadian adults aged 35 to 69 years within the Atlantic PATH cohort study. Diet quality, a metric of how well diet conforms to recommendations was determined from a 24-item food frequency questionnaire. Neighbourhood environment data were derived from dissemination area level Census data. Two deprivation indices were evaluated: material and social deprivation, which reflect access to goods and amenities and social relationships. Multi-level models were used to estimate relationships (mean differences and 95% CI) between neighbourhood environment and diet quality, adjusting for covariates. Mean diet quality was lower in the most socially deprived neighbourhoods compared to the least socially deprived: −0.56, 95% CI (−0.88, −0.25). Relationships between diet quality and population density differed between urban and rural areas (p-interaction < 0.0001). In rural areas, diet quality was higher in intermediate-density neighbourhoods: 0.54, 95% CI (0.05, 1.03). In urban areas, diet quality was lower in intermediate-density and the most-dense neighbourhoods: −0.84, 95% CI (−1.28, −0.40) and −0.72, 95% CI (−1.20, −0.25). Our findings suggest socially deprived and high-density neighbourhoods are associated with lower diet quality and possible urban-rural differences in neighbourhood environment-diet quality relationships. Additional studies are needed to determine the temporal nature of relationships and whether differences in diet quality are meaningful.

scholarly journals Do adult health outcomes in urban population reflect local health risk? A matched cohort analysis of migration effects in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e029059
Author(s):  
Philippe Bocquier ◽  
Abdramane Bassiahi Soura ◽  
Souleymane Sanogo ◽  
Sara Randall
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Access To Health

BackgroundSelective migration may affect health indicators in both urban and rural areas. Sub-Saharan African urban areas show evidence of both negative and positive selection on health status at outmigration. Health outcomes as measured in urban populations may not reflect local health risks and access to health services.MethodsUsing the Ouagadougou Health and Demographic Surveillance System and a migrant follow-up survey, we measured differences in health between matched non-migrants and outmigrants. We applied Cox and competing risks models on migration and death.ResultsControlling for premigration health status, migrants who moved out of Ouagadougou have higher mortality (HR 3.24, 95% CI 1.23 to 8.58) than non-migrants and migrants moving to other Ouagadougou areas. However, these effects vanish in the matched sample controlling for all interactions between death determinants. These and other results show little evidence that migration led to higher mortality or worse health.ConclusionsHealth outcomes as measured in Ouagadougou population do reflect local health risks and access to health services despite high migration intensity. However, neither the hypothesis of effect of health on migration nor the hypothesis of negative effect of migration on health or survival was confirmed.

scholarly journals Model simulations of cooking organic aerosol (COA) over the UK using estimates of emissions based on measurements at two sites in London

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (21) ◽  
pp. 13773-13789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riinu Ots ◽  
Massimo Vieno ◽  
James D. Allan ◽  
Stefan Reis ◽  
Eiko Nemitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
The Uk

Abstract. Cooking organic aerosol (COA) is currently not included in European emission inventories. However, recent positive matrix factorization (PMF) analyses of aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements have suggested important contributions of COA in several European cities. In this study, emissions of COA were estimated for the UK, based on hourly AMS measurements of COA made at two sites in London (a kerbside site in central London and an urban background site in a residential area close to central London) for the full calendar year of 2012 during the Clean Air for London (ClearfLo) campaign. Iteration of COA emissions estimates and subsequent evaluation and sensitivity experiments were conducted with the EMEP4UK atmospheric chemistry transport modelling system with a horizontal resolution of 5 km  ×  5 km. The spatial distribution of these emissions was based on workday population density derived from the 2011 census data. The estimated UK annual COA emission was 7.4 Gg per year, which is an almost 10 % addition to the officially reported UK national total anthropogenic emissions of PM2.5 (82 Gg in 2012), corresponding to 320 mg person−1 day−1 on average. Weekday and weekend diurnal variation in COA emissions were also based on the AMS measurements. Modelled concentrations of COA were then independently evaluated against AMS-derived COA measurements from another city and time period (Manchester, January–February 2007), as well as with COA estimated by a chemical mass balance model of measurements for a 2-week period at the Harwell rural site (∼ 80 km west of central London). The modelled annual average contribution of COA to ambient particulate matter (PM) in central London was between 1 and 2 µg m−3 (∼ 20 % of total measured OA1) and between 0.5 and 0.7 µg m−3 in other major cities in England (Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds). It was also shown that cities smaller than London can have a central hotspot of population density of smaller area than the computational grid cell, in which case higher localized COA concentrations than modelled here may be expected. Modelled COA concentrations dropped rapidly outside of major urban areas (annual average of 0.12 µg m−3 for the Harwell location), indicating that although COA can be a notable component in urban air, it does not have a significant effect on PM concentrations on rural areas. The possibility that the AMS-PMF apportionment measurements overestimate COA concentrations by up to a factor of 2 is discussed. Since COA is a primary emission, any downward adjustments in COA emissions would lead to a proportional linear downward scaling in the absolute magnitudes of COA concentrations simulated in the model.

Mobility in India: Recent Trends and Issues Concerning Database

Social Change ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-644
Author(s):  
Amitabh Kundu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
The People ◽  
Recent Trends

Dismissing the postulate that the geographical, linguistic and other social divisions are constraining the movement of Indians across states, researchers have presented evidences—pattern of rail passenger traffic, changes in population distribution across different age cohorts and so on to show that the movement of people across states is much larger than what has been generally determined, using the data from the census and National Sample Survey. The basic objective of the paper is to examine if the process of migration and urbanisation in India is indeed unconstrained so that the people in backward regions and rural areas, who get dispossessed of their livelihood options or social linkages, can freely move into the developed regions or urban areas, It analyses these processes and recent trends while probing into methodological and data related issues in migration studies in India. The migration trends for socio-economically vulnerable sections of population are presented in the context of their access to urban and metropolitan space.

scholarly journals Trends and Patterns of Educational Homogamy in India: A Marriage Cohort Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kakoli Borkotoky ◽  
Ashish Kumar Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Socioeconomic Background ◽  
Educational Homogamy ◽  
National Family ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
Female Literacy

Research in assortative mating in developing countries focused mainly on the cultural similarities of individuals till the most recent times. Educational homogamy was not considered a significant factor. This study examined the changes in educational homogamy of 39,257 ever-married couples in India for the three marriage cohorts 1964–1984, 1985–1995, and 1996–2006 by place of residence, religion, and economic background. The study also examined the regional pattern of educational homogamy based on female literacy and the probability of educational homogamy after adjusting for socioeconomic background of the respondent. Data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) was used for the study. The study observed significant increase in educational homogamy for the successive marriage cohorts. Homogamy is concentrated at the extremes of the educational attainment. In urban areas, homogamy is concentrated among the higher educated individuals whereas, in rural areas, homogamy is high among uneducated individuals. The results also depict regions with higher female literacy having the highest educational homogamy and vice versa. The study also found an increase in the probability of homogamy and a decline in hypogamy for literate women, after accounting for socioeconomic confounders.

scholarly journals Effect of a brief emergency medicine education course on emergency department work intensity of family physicians

CJEM ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Samuel Vaillancourt ◽  
Susan E. Schultz ◽  
Chad Leaver ◽  
Thérèse Stukel ◽  
Michael J. Schull
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Family Physicians ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Physician Staffing ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACT Background: Recently, many Canadian emergency departments (EDs) have struggled with physician staffing shortages. In 2006, the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care funded a brief “emergency medicine primer” (EMP) course for family physicians to upgrade or refresh skills, with the goal of increasing their ED work intensity. We sought to determine the effect of the EMP on the ED work intensity of family physicians. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted of the ED work of 239 family physicians in the 2 years before and after a minimum of 6 months and up to 2 years from completing an EMP course in 2006 to 2008 compared to non-EMP physicians. ED work intensity was defined as the number of ED shifts per month and the number of ED patients seen per month. We conducted two analyses: a before and after comparison of all EMP physicians and a matched cohort analysis matching each EMP physician to four non-EMP physicians on sex, year of medical school graduation, rurality, and pre-EMP ED work intensity. Results: Postcourse, EMP physicians worked 0.5 more ED shifts per month (13% increase, p = 0.027). Compared to their matched controls, EMP physicians worked 0.7 more shifts per month (13% increase, p = 0.0032) and saw 15 more patients per month (17% increase, p = 0.0008) compared to matched non-EMP physicians. The greatest increases were among EMP physicians who were younger, were urban, had previous ED experience, or worked in a high-volume ED. The effect of the EMP course was negligible for physicians with no previous ED experience or working in rural areas. Conclusion: The EMP course is associated with modest increases in ED work intensity among some family physicians, in particular younger physicians in urban areas. No increase was seen among physicians without previous ED experience or working in rural areas.

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