Seroprevalence of HIV infection among cataract surgery patients in south-east Nigeria: A retrospective cross-sectional study

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy, many people with this disease still present with its ocular complications. Cataracts remain the commonest reason for blindness in Nigeria and globally. The prevalence of HIV infection among cataract patients in south east Nigeria has remained unknown. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus among cataract patients in south east Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. The case files of all who had cataract surgery between September 1st, 2020 to March 31st, 2021 at City of Refuge Specialist Eye Clinic Onitsha, Nigeria was obtained from the Medical Record Department of the hospital to extract relevant information and demographic data. The outcome measures included the prevalence of HIV, as well as the gender and the age of affected cataract patients. Data was analyzed using SPSS 26.0 IBM Corporation. Fisher’s exact test was performed for categorical data, and Student’s t-test was applied to continuous variables depending on their distribution. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In this study, 423 participants who underwent cataract surgery were included for analysis of which 16 were HIV positive. The overall seroprevalence of HIV among the study population was 3.78% with HIV prevalence showing the female to male ratio of 1:1. Up to 70.81% of the patients were at least 60 years of age. Although there was a statistically significant difference between the prevalence of HIV and seasonal presentation (p=0.015), there was no statistically significant relationship between the participants age and gender (p=0.195), prevalence of HIV and the participants’ age categories (p=0.149) or participants’ settlements (p=0.219). Conclusion: The prevalence of HIV among cataract patients in this study was 3.78%. This study confirms that HIV infections are an important public problem among cataract patients in Nigeria. Our findings draw attention to the significant burden HIV has on cataract surgery in Nigeria. We recommend advocacy for the national policymakers to initiate HIV tests in routine ophthalmology services.

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Correction: Hemostasis in elderly patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection—Cross-sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0230727 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. e0230727

Author(s):

Marilza Campos de Magalhães ◽

Juan Camilo Sánchez-Arcila ◽

Ana Carolina de Brito Lyra ◽

Luiz Felipe Boufleur Long ◽

Isabelle Vasconcellos de Souza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Elderly Patients ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Associated Myocardial Diastolic Dysfunction and Soluble ST2 Concentration in Tanzanian Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiaa328 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 223 (1) ◽

pp. 83-93

Author(s):

Justin R Kingery ◽

Parag Goyal ◽

Rahul Hosalli ◽

Myung Hee Lee ◽

Bernard Desderius ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Diastolic Dysfunction ◽

Large Population ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Cardiac Biomarkers ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Third ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Background The aims of this study were (1) to compare the prevalence of myocardial diastolic dysfunction (DD) in antiretroviral therapy (ART)–naive people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–uninfected adults in East Africa and (2) to determine the association between serum concentration of the cardiac biomarkers ST2 and DD. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled PLWH and uninfected adults at a referral HIV clinic in Mwanza, Tanzania. Standardized history, echocardiography, and serum were obtained. Regression models were used to quantify associations. Results We enrolled 388 ART-naive PLWH and 461 HIV-uninfected adults with an average age of 36.0 ± 10.2 years. Of PLWH in the third, fourth, and fifth decades of life, 5.0%, 12.5%, and 32.7%, respectively, had DD. PLWH had a higher prevalence of DD (adjusted odds ratio, 2.71 [95% confidence interval, 1.62–4.55]; P < .0001). PLWH also had a higher probability of dysfunction with one or fewer traditional risk factors present. Serum ST2 concentration was associated with dysfunction in PLWH but not uninfected participants (P = .04 and P = .90, respectively). Conclusions In a large population of young adults in sub-Saharan Africa, DD prevalence increased starting in the third decade of life. HIV was independently associated with dysfunction. Serum ST2 concentration was associated with DD in PLWH but not HIV-uninfected participants. This pathway may provide insight into the mechanisms of HIV-associated dysfunction.

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Hemostasis in elderly patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection—Cross-sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0227763 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. e0227763 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marilza Campos de Magalhães ◽

Juan Camilo Sánchez-Arcila ◽

Ana Carolina de Brito Lyra ◽

Luiz Felipe Boufleur Long ◽

Isabelle Vasconcellos de Souza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Elderly Patients ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

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Serological prevalence of rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, treponema pallidum and human immunodeficiency virus in antenatal women with bad obstetric history – A cross sectional study

MedPulse International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.26611/10081125 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 28-34

Author(s):

Shama Taj K R ◽

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Herpes Simplex Virus ◽

Herpes Simplex ◽

Treponema Pallidum ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Obstetric History ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Simplex Virus

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SAT0078 SAFETY OF LOW DOSE METHOTREXATE (MTX) IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) INFECTION

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.2968 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 974.2-974

Author(s):

A. Gunay ◽

A. Davidson ◽

I. Colmegna ◽

D. Lacaille ◽

H. Loewen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Low Dose ◽

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Case Reports ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Study Quality ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

Background:Increased awareness of the efficacy of MTX in rheumatic disease is leading to more MTX use in patients from HIV endemic areas. While HIV related immunosuppression may contribute to improvement of some rheumatic diseases, immune reconstitution from highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may lead to exacerbation or presentation of autoimmune disorders for which MTX therapy may be warranted. Most management guidelines for rheumatic disease do not address MTX use in the context of HIV.Objectives:To systematically review the published literature on the safety of using MTX ≤30 mg per week in HIV.Methods:We searched CINAHL, Embase, Global, MEDLINE and World of Science databases (Jan 1990 to May 2018) for terms including ‘methotrexate’ and ‘human immunodeficiency virus’. We also searched citations from review articles. Titles, abstracts or full manuscripts were screened independently by 2 reviewers to identify studies reporting HIV in patients taking MTX. Study quality was assessed using the McGill Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Data was extracted on MTX and HIV adverse events (MTX toxicity, HIV viral load, CD4 count). Descriptive summaries are presented for studies providing outcomes in patients taking MTX ≤30 mg per week.Results:After removing duplicates and studies not meeting criteria or not providing sufficient information, 42 of the 2714 identified reports were included (1 clinical trial, 2 cohort, 1 cross-sectional study, 38 case reports/case series). Most reports (81%) originated from USA or Europe. Study quality was generally good with most studies fulfilling 50-100% of MMAT criteria. The randomized controlled trial (USA) assessing MTX on atherosclerotic disease in HIV showed that adverse events were more common in MTX versus placebo (12.8% vs 5.6%, p non-inferiority <0.05) and included infection, transient CD4 and CD8 drop, pulmonary toxicity, and death (1 attributed to MTX/HIV, 1 unrelated). One cohort study (South Africa) reported 43 RA patients on MTX who acquired HIV. In this cohort, RA generally improved despite only 5 individuals continuing MTX. No data on MTX adverse event rates was reported. One cohort study (USA) reported 13 HIV patients with myositis. One received MTX (with other immunosuppression) without MTX adverse effects but died due to AIDS. A cross-sectional study (France) of 43 HIV pts with autoimmune disease reported one patient on MTX (and other immunosuppression) developed an adverse event (cytopenia) compared to 5/33 patients not on MTX (cytopenia). The 38 case reports/series described 54 individuals with HIV receiving MTX. Of these studies, 27 (describing 42 subjects) reported on MTX adverse events and 35 (describing 46 subjects) reported on HIV adverse events. MTX adverse events developed in 29 subjects (hematologic 13, renal/hepatic 1, opportunistic infections 10, other events 2). HIV adverse events were noted in 23 subjects (Kaposi’s sarcoma 4, CD4 decrease 16, HIV viral titer increase 4). Five deaths were reported (2 infection, 1 infection and wasting, 2 HIV related deaths). Most subjects also received corticosteroids or other immunosuppressants including biologics.Conclusion:There remains limited data on the safety of low dose MTX in HIV. Surveillance for HIV is warranted for individuals on MTX who are at risk for acquiring HIV. Caution and careful monitoring for MTX toxicity, opportunistic infections and HIV state is suggested if MTX is used in the setting of HIV particularly if combined with other immunosuppression.References:[1] Clin Infectious Disease 2019:68[2] J Rheumatology 2014:41[3] Arthritis and Rheumatism 2003:49[4] Medicine 2017:96Acknowledgments :Funding from International League Against RheumatismMcGill University Global Health Scholar AwardsDisclosure of Interests:Alize Gunay: None declared, Anna Davidson: None declared, Ines Colmegna: None declared, Diane Lacaille: None declared, Hal Loewen: None declared, Michele Meltzer: None declared, Yewondwossen Mengistu: None declared, Rosie Scuccimarri: None declared, Zenebe Yirsaw: None declared, Sasha Bernatsky: None declared, Carol Hitchon Grant/research support from: UCB Canada; Pfizer Canada

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