STUDY OF PLASMOPARA VITICOLA POPULATION POLYMORPHISM IN DIFFERENT PATHOGEN GENERATIONS

The aim of this project was to study changes in the content of trans-resveratrol in berries and leaves of grapevine (Vitis sp.) infested by fungal diseases, especially by Botryotinia fuckeliana Whetzel, called as grey mildew, Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl & De Toni, called downy mildew and Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr, called powdery mildew. In our experiments two white and two blue varieties were used. Contents of trans-resveratrol were determined in healthy and infested leaves and in healthy berries. Infested leaves of white varieties contained more trans-resveratrol than those of blue varieties. The content of trans-resveratrol in berries was lower than that in leaves.

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Diploid chromosome-scale assembly of the Muscadinia rotundifolia genome supports chromosome fusion and disease resistance gene expansion during Vitis and Muscadinia divergence

G3 Genes|Genome|Genetics ◽

10.1093/g3journal/jkab033 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Noé Cochetel ◽

Andrea Minio ◽

Mélanie Massonnet ◽

Amanda M Vondras ◽

Rosa Figueroa-Balderas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Molecule ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Plasmopara Viticola ◽

Cabernet Sauvignon ◽

Disease Resistance Gene ◽

Chromosome Fusion ◽

Protein Coding ◽

Downy Mildews ◽

A Genome ◽

Muscadinia Rotundifolia

Abstract Muscadinia rotundifolia, the muscadine grape, has been cultivated for centuries in the southeastern United States. M. rotundifolia is resistant to many of the pathogens that detrimentally affect Vitis vinifera, the grape species commonly used for winemaking. For this reason, M. rotundifolia is a valuable genetic resource for breeding. Single-molecule real-time reads were combined with optical maps to reconstruct the two haplotypes of each of the 20 M. rotundifolia cv. Trayshed chromosomes. The completeness and accuracy of the assembly were confirmed using a high-density linkage map of M. rotundifolia. Protein-coding genes were annotated using an integrated and comprehensive approach. This included using Full-length cDNA sequencing (Iso-Seq) to improve gene structure and hypothetical spliced variant predictions. Our data strongly support that Muscadinia chromosomes 7 and 20 are fused in Vitis and pinpoint the location of the fusion in Cabernet Sauvignon and PN40024 chromosome 7. Disease-related gene numbers in Trayshed and Cabernet Sauvignon were similar, but their clustering locations were different. A dramatic expansion of the Toll/Interleukin-1 Receptor-like Nucleotide-Binding Site Leucine-Rich Repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) class was detected on Trayshed chromosome 12 at the Resistance to Uncinula necator 1 (RUN1)/ Resistance to Plasmopara viticola 1 (RPV1) locus, which confers strong dominant resistance to powdery and downy mildews. A genome browser for Trayshed, its annotation, and an associated Blast tool are available at .www.grapegenomics.com

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Investigation of long non-coding RNAs as regulatory players of grapevine response to powdery and downy mildew infection

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-021-03059-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Garima Bhatia ◽

Santosh K. Upadhyay ◽

Anuradha Upadhyay ◽

Kashmir Singh

Keyword(s):

Downy Mildew ◽

Plasmopara Viticola ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Protein Coding ◽

Functional Roles ◽

Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽

Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽

Sequencing Technologies ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Fungal Phytopathogens

Abstract Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are regulatory transcripts of length > 200 nt. Owing to the rapidly progressing RNA-sequencing technologies, lncRNAs are emerging as considerable nodes in the plant antifungal defense networks. Therefore, we investigated their role in Vitis vinifera (grapevine) in response to obligate biotrophic fungal phytopathogens, Erysiphe necator (powdery mildew, PM) and Plasmopara viticola (downy mildew, DM), which impose huge agro-economic burden on grape-growers worldwide. Results Using computational approach based on RNA-seq data, 71 PM- and 83 DM-responsive V. vinifera lncRNAs were identified and comprehensively examined for their putative functional roles in plant defense response. V. vinifera protein coding sequences (CDS) were also profiled based on expression levels, and 1037 PM-responsive and 670 DM-responsive CDS were identified. Next, co-expression analysis-based functional annotation revealed their association with gene ontology (GO) terms for ‘response to stress’, ‘response to biotic stimulus’, ‘immune system process’, etc. Further investigation based on analysis of domains, enzyme classification, pathways enrichment, transcription factors (TFs), interactions with microRNAs (miRNAs), and real-time quantitative PCR of lncRNAs and co-expressing CDS pairs suggested their involvement in modulation of basal and specific defense responses such as: Ca2+-dependent signaling, cell wall reinforcement, reactive oxygen species metabolism, pathogenesis related proteins accumulation, phytohormonal signal transduction, and secondary metabolism. Conclusions Overall, the identified lncRNAs provide insights into the underlying intricacy of grapevine transcriptional reprogramming/post-transcriptional regulation to delay or seize the living cell-dependent pathogen growth. Therefore, in addition to defense-responsive genes such as TFs, the identified lncRNAs can be further examined and leveraged to candidates for biotechnological improvement/breeding to enhance fungal stress resistance in this susceptible fruit crop of economic and nutritional importance.

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The Grapevine E3 Ubiquitin Ligase VriATL156 Confers Resistance against the Downy Mildew Pathogen Plasmopara viticola

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22020940 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 940

Author(s):

Elodie Vandelle ◽

Pietro Ariani ◽

Alice Regaiolo ◽

Davide Danzi ◽

Arianna Lovato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Downy Mildew ◽

Ubiquitin Ligase ◽

Control Measure ◽

Durable Resistance ◽

Genetic Resistance ◽

E3 Ubiquitin Ligase ◽

Plasmopara Viticola ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Vitis Species ◽

Vitis Riparia

Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most severe diseases of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Genetic resistance is an effective and sustainable control strategy, but major resistance genes (encoding receptors for specific pathogen effectors) introgressed from wild Vitis species, although effective, may be non-durable because the pathogen can evolve to avoid specific recognition. Previous transcriptomic studies in the resistant species Vitis riparia highlighted the activation of signal transduction components during infection. The transfer of such components to V. vinifera might confer less specific and therefore more durable resistance. Here, we describe the generation of transgenic V. vinifera lines constitutively expressing the V. riparia E3 ubiquitin ligase gene VriATL156. Phenotypic and molecular analysis revealed that the transgenic plants were less susceptible to P. viticola than vector-only controls, confirming the role of this E3 ubiquitin ligase in the innate immune response. Two independent transgenic lines were selected for detailed analysis of the resistance phenotype by RNA-Seq and microscopy, revealing the profound reprogramming of transcription to achieve resistance that operates from the earliest stages of pathogen infection. The introduction of VriATL156 into elite grapevine cultivars could therefore provide an effective and sustainable control measure against downy mildew.

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A High-Quality Grapevine Downy Mildew Genome Assembly Reveals Rapidly Evolving and Lineage-Specific Putative Host Adaptation Genes

Genome Biology and Evolution ◽

10.1093/gbe/evz048 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 954-969 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Yann Dussert ◽

Isabelle D Mazet ◽

Carole Couture ◽

Jérôme Gouzy ◽

Marie-Christine Piron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Downy Mildew ◽

Genome Assembly ◽

Population Genomics ◽

Plasmopara Viticola ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Host Specialization ◽

Grapevine Downy Mildew ◽

Downy Mildews ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

High Level

Abstract Downy mildews are obligate biotrophic oomycete pathogens that cause devastating plant diseases on economically important crops. Plasmopara viticola is the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, a major disease in vineyards worldwide. We sequenced the genome of Pl. viticola with PacBio long reads and obtained a new 92.94 Mb assembly with high contiguity (359 scaffolds for a N50 of 706.5 kb) due to a better resolution of repeat regions. This assembly presented a high level of gene completeness, recovering 1,592 genes encoding secreted proteins involved in plant–pathogen interactions. Plasmopara viticola had a two-speed genome architecture, with secreted protein-encoding genes preferentially located in gene-sparse, repeat-rich regions and evolving rapidly, as indicated by pairwise dN/dS values. We also used short reads to assemble the genome of Plasmopara muralis, a closely related species infecting grape ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata). The lineage-specific proteins identified by comparative genomics analysis included a large proportion of RxLR cytoplasmic effectors and, more generally, genes with high dN/dS values. We identified 270 candidate genes under positive selection, including several genes encoding transporters and components of the RNA machinery potentially involved in host specialization. Finally, the Pl. viticola genome assembly generated here will allow the development of robust population genomics approaches for investigating the mechanisms involved in adaptation to biotic and abiotic selective pressures in this species.

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First Report of Downy Mildew Caused by Plasmopara viticola on Vitis ficifolia var. sinuata in Korea

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-17-0571-pdn ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 101 (11) ◽

pp. 1958-1958

Author(s):

Y. J. Choi ◽

S. E. Cho ◽

H. D. Shin

Keyword(s):

Downy Mildew ◽

Plasmopara Viticola ◽

First Report

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First Insights into the Effect of Mycorrhizae on the Expression of Pathogen Effectors during the Infection of Grapevine with Plasmopara viticola

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13031226 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1226

Author(s):

Ana Cruz-Silva ◽

Andreia Figueiredo ◽

Mónica Sebastiana

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Plasmopara Viticola ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Wine Production ◽

Grapevine Downy Mildew ◽

Pathogen Effectors ◽

Rxlr Effectors ◽

Mycorrhizal Inoculation ◽

And Control

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), widely used for berry and wine production, is highly susceptible to the pathogenic oomycete Plasmopara viticola, the etiological agent of grapevine downy mildew disease. The method commonly used to prevent and control P. viticola infection relies on multiple applications of chemical fungicides. However, with European Union goals to lower the usage of such chemicals in viticulture there is a need to develop new and more sustainable strategies. The use of beneficial microorganisms with biocontrol capabilities, such as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), has been pointed out as a viable alternative. With this study, we intended to investigate the effect of AMF colonization on the expression of P. viticola effectors during infection of grapevine. Grapevine plants were inoculated with the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis and, after mycorrhizae development, plants were infected with P. viticola. The expression of P. viticola RxLR effectors was analyzed by real-time PCR (qPCR) during the first hours of interaction. Results show that pre-mycorrhizal inoculation of grapevine alters the expression of several P. viticola effectors; namely, PvRxLR28, which presented decreased expression in mycorrhizal plants at the two time points post-infection tested. These results suggest that the pre-inoculation of grapevine with AMF could interfere with the pathogen’s ability to infect grapevine by modulation of pathogenicity effectors expression, supporting the hypothesis that AMF can be used to increase plant resistance to pathogens and promote more sustainable agriculture practices, particularly in viticulture.

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Toward a Weather-Based Forecasting System for Fire Blight and Downy Mildew

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos9120484 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 484 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ana Firanj Sremac ◽

Branislava Lalić ◽

Milena Marčić ◽

Ljiljana Dekić

Keyword(s):

Downy Mildew ◽

Fire Blight ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Weather Prediction ◽

Weather Forecast ◽

Atmospheric Model ◽

Plasmopara Viticola ◽

Forecasting System ◽

Nwp Model ◽

The Impact

The aim of this research is to present a weather-based forecasting system for apple fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) and downy mildew of grapevine (Plasmopara viticola) under Serbian agroecological conditions and test its efficacy. The weather-based forecasting system contains Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model outputs and a disease occurrence model. The weather forecast used is a product of the high-resolution forecast (HRES) atmospheric model by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). For disease modelling, we selected a biometeorological system for messages on the occurrence of diseases in fruits and vines (BAHUS) because it contains both diseases with well-known and tested algorithms. Several comparisons were made: (1) forecasted variables for the fifth day are compared against measurements from the agrometeorological network at seven locations for three months (March, April, and May) in the period 2012–2018 to determine forecast efficacy; (2) BAHUS runs driven with observed and forecast meteorology were compared to test the impact of forecasted meteorological data; and (3) BAHUS runs were compared with field disease observations to estimate system efficacy in plant disease forecasts. The BAHUS runs with forecasted and observed meteorology were in good agreement. The results obtained encourage further development, with the goal of fully utilizing this weather-based forecasting system.

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