scholarly journals A Review of Strain and Sex Differences in Response to Pain and Analgesia in Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 490-500
Author(s):  
Jennifer C Smith
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Laboratory Mouse ◽  
Sex Selection ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Genetic Heritability ◽  
Human And Mouse ◽  
Mouse Genomic ◽  
Shed Light

Pain and its alleviation are currently a highly studied issue in human health. Research on pain and response to analgesia has evolved to include the effects of genetics, heritability, and sex as important components in both humans and animals. The laboratory mouse is the major animal studied in the field of pain and analgesia. Studying the inbred mouse to understand how genetic heritable traits and/or sex influence pain and analgesia has added valuable information to the complex nature of pain as a human disease. In the context of biomedical research, identifying pain and ensuring its control through analgesia in research animals remains one of the hallmark responsibilities of the research community. Advancements in both human and mouse genomic research shed light not only on the need to understand how both strain and sex affect the mouse pain response but also on how these research achievements can be used to improve the humane use of all research animal species. A better understanding of how strain and sex affect the response to pain may allow researchers to improve study design and thereby the reproducibility of animal research studies. The need to use both sexes, along with an improved understanding of how genetic heritability affects nociception and analgesic sensitivity, remains a key priority for pain researchers working with mice. This review summarizes the current literature on how strain and sex alter the response to pain and analgesia in the modern research mouse, and highlights the importance of both strain and sex selection in pain research.

Novel conserved elements upstream of theH19gene are transcribed and act as mesodermal enhancers

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 1205-1213
Author(s):  
Robert A. Drewell ◽  
Katharine L. Arney ◽  
Takahiro Arima ◽  
Sheila C. Barton ◽  
James D. Brenton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Reporter Gene ◽  
Differentially Methylated Region ◽  
Genomic Sequencing ◽  
Strong Homology ◽  
Imprinting Control Region ◽  
Enhancer Function ◽  
Human And Mouse ◽  
Mouse Genomic

The reciprocally imprinted H19 and Igf2 genes form a co-ordinately regulated 130 kb unit in the mouse controlled by widely dispersed enhancers, epigenetically modified silencers and an imprinting control region (ICR). Comparative human and mouse genomic sequencing between H19 and Igf2 revealed two novel regions of strong homology upstream of the ICR termed H19 upstream conserved regions (HUCs). Mouse HUC1 and HUC2 act as potent enhancers capable of driving expression of an H19 reporter gene in a range of mesodermal tissues. Intriguingly, the HUC sequences are also transcribed bi-allelically in mouse and human, but their expression pattern in neural and endodermal tissues in day 13.5 embryos is distinct from their enhancer function. The location of the HUC mesodermal enhancers upstream of the ICR and H19, and their capacity for interaction with both H19 and Igf2 requires critical re-evaluation of the cis-regulation of imprinted gene expression of H19 and Igf2 in a range of mesodermal tissues. We propose that these novel sequences interact with the ICR at H19 and the epigenetically regulated silencer at differentially methylated region 1 (DMR1) of Igf2.

scholarly journals Mammalian Septins Nomenclature

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4111-4113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian G. Macara ◽  
Richard Baldarelli ◽  
Christine M. Field ◽  
Michael Glotzer ◽  
Yasuhide Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Genome ◽  
Gene Product ◽  
Genome Organization ◽  
Splice Variants ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Gene Nomenclature ◽  
Nomenclature System ◽  
Nomenclature Committee ◽  
Human And Mouse ◽  
Mouse Genomic

There are 10 known mammalian septin genes, some of which produce multiple splice variants. The current nomenclature for the genes and gene products is very confusing, with several different names having been given to the same gene product and distinct names given to splice variants of the same gene. Moreover, some names are based on those of yeast or Drosophilaseptins that are not the closest homologues. Therefore, we suggest that the mammalian septin field adopt a common nomenclature system, based on that adopted by the Mouse Genomic Nomenclature Committee and accepted by the Human Genome Organization Gene Nomenclature Committee. The human and mouse septin genes will be namedSEPT1–SEPT10 and Sept1–Sept10, respectively. Splice variants will be designated by an underscore followed by a lowercase “v” and a number, e.g., SEPT4_v1.

scholarly journals Mobilizing Experimental Life: Spaces of Becoming with Mutant Mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 129-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail Davies
Keyword(s):  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Laboratory Mouse ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Strain Development ◽  
Biotechnological Production ◽  
Biological Difference ◽  
Experimental Systems ◽  
And Control

This paper uses the figure of the inbred laboratory mouse to reflect upon the management and mobilization of biological difference in the contemporary biosciences. Working through the concept of shifting experimental systems, the paper seeks to connect practices concerned with standardization and control in contemporary research with the emergent and stochastic qualities of biological life. Specifically, it reviews the importance of historical narratives of standardization in experimental systems based around model organisms, before identifying a tension in contemporary accounts of the reproduction and differentiation of inbred mouse strains within them. Firstly, narratives of new strain development, foregrounding personal biography and chance discovery, attest to the contingency and situatedness of apparently universal biotechnological production. Secondly, discoveries of unexpected animal litters challenge efforts to standardize mouse phenotypes and control the reproduction of murine strains over space. The co-existence of these two narratives draws attention to the importance of and interplay between both chance and control, determination and emergence, and the making and moving of experimental life in biomedical research. The reception or denial of such biological excess reflects the distribution of agencies and the emerging spatialities of the global infrastructures of biotechnological development, with implications for future relations between animal lives and human becomings in experimental practices.

scholarly journals A cytomegalovirus DNA sequence containing tracts of tandemly repeated CA dinucleotides hybridizes to highly repetitive dispersed elements in mammalian cell genomes.

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 1389-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
K T Jeang ◽  
G S Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Plasmid Dna ◽  
Genomic Library ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Rdna Genes ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Mammalian Genomes ◽  
Genomic Dnas ◽  
Human And Mouse ◽  
Mouse Genomic

A single 880-base-pair region within the genome of simian cytomegalovirus strain Colburn contains sequences that hybridize intensely with both human and mouse total genome DNA probes. This sequence was also found in a second simian cytomegalovirus isolate and was retained in both plaque-purified virus subclones and in plasmid DNA clones containing the SalI P fragment. Cleaved genomic DNAs from several mammalian species all exhibited strong dispersed hybridization with the SalI-P probes, and over 70% of the lambda clones in a mouse genomic library plus several selected clones containing globin, 45S rDNA, or 5S rDNA genes all formed hybrids with SalI-P. The appropriate region of cytomegalovirus SalI-P contains relatively A + T-rich unique sequences interrupted by three stretches of the simple alternating dinucleotides, (CA)15, (CA)22, and (CA)21, which we show to be responsible for most of the cell-virus homology. We conclude that discrete, tandemly repeated (CA) dinucleotide tracts capable of forming left-handed Z-DNA helices punctuate mammalian genomes at greater than 10(5) copies per cell and that three adjacent copies of what appear to be a family of interspersed repetitive elements containing these (CA)n stretches are carried in the genomes of simian cytomegaloviruses.

scholarly journals Polymorphic sites in the 5´-region of the porcine <i>C8A</i> gene

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. A. Khoa ◽  
S. Ponsuksili ◽  
E. Muráni ◽  
K. Wimmers
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Membrane Attack Complex ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Large White ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Binding Motifs ◽  
High Identity ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
The Complement System ◽  
Human And Mouse

Abstract. The membrane attack complex (MAC) of the complement system is known as a natural immune mechanism of hosts against invading pathogens. This study was undertaken to structurally characterize and computationally analyzed the 5´-region, i.e. the downstream promoter region and the 5´-UTR nucleotide sequence of the porcine C8A, one of the components of the MAC. Sequencing approximately 950 bp of the 5´-region and analyzing in silico revealed the transcription start site, the TATA-box, the CAAAT-box, and the GATAAbox. High identity was found in range of 37–74 % among the sequences of pig, human, cattle, and mouse. Transcription factor binding sites, such as NFκB, Oct-1, HNF1, CDP, and C/EBP, showed high conservation between vertebrate animal species, especially between human and mouse, or pig and cattle. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in the breeds Hampshire, Duroc, German Landrace, Large White, Pietrain, Berlin Miniature Pig, and Muong Khuong. Nucleotide exchanges could cause the generation of new binding motifs, which may affect the expression of the porcine C8A, particularly the C/EBP regulation of the porcine C8A gene – as described in the human C6 and C7 promoter.

Hidden in Plain Sight

2015 ◽  
pp. 189-203
Author(s):  
Deborah Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
World Music ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Race And Racism ◽  
Education Practice ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Universal Language ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter seeks to tease out some of the challenges related to issues of race and racism as they play out within music education. These challenges include the slippery nature of the concept of race, the complex nature of racism, and the ideology of Whiteness that informs much current music education practice, including those practices considered to be “multicultural.” The chapter proposes that racism remains hidden under such common-sense narratives as “music is a universal language,” which operates in tandem with color-blind racism, and within the myth of “authenticity” in world music education that often prevents the inclusion of musics other than Western art musics in the curriculum. By interrogating some of the ways in which cultural Whiteness operates as racism within music education, the chapter seeks to shed light on ways of thinking that keep racism hidden in plain sight.

scholarly journals 29 Introduction to functional annotation of animal genomes consortium

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 17-17
Author(s):  
Christopher K Tuggle ◽  
Elisabetta Giuffra
Keyword(s):  
Functional Annotation ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Chromatin Modification ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Chromatin Interactions ◽  
Knowledge Deficit ◽  
Animal Genomics ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Animal Genomes

Abstract The annotation of the functional components of genomes is required for both basic and applied genomic research, yet farmed animal genomics are deficient in such annotation. This talk will introduce the Functional Annotation of ANimal Genomes (FAANG) consortium, which was initiated in 2014 to address this knowledge deficit. An overarching theme of early FAANG efforts is the collaborative approach required for such comprehensive research, thus another emphasis of this talk will be our community efforts to develop the environment for successful FAANG research. FAANG scientists have created a coordinated data collection and analysis enterprise crucial for success of this global effort, and funding of ~$20 million has been secured for current projects in several species, with an anticipated doubling of this support during 2019. Member FAANG consortium labs are producing genome-wide datasets on RNA expression, DNA methylation, chromatin modification, chromatin accessibility, and chromatin interactions for many agriculturally relevant animal species. The goal of a first-generation global chromatin state map for cattle, chicken, pig, and potentially other species is projected for completion in the next 3–5 years. These data will be used both to better understand animal genome function at the epigenetic level, as well as improve the precision and sensitivity of genomic selection for animal improvement. The functional annotation delivered by the FAANG initiative will add value and utility to the greatly improved genome sequences being established for domesticated animal species.

A cytomegalovirus DNA sequence containing tracts of tandemly repeated CA dinucleotides hybridizes to highly repetitive dispersed elements in mammalian cell genomes

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 1389-1402
Author(s):  
K T Jeang ◽  
G S Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Plasmid Dna ◽  
Genomic Library ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Rdna Genes ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Mammalian Genomes ◽  
Genomic Dnas ◽  
Human And Mouse ◽  
Mouse Genomic

A single 880-base-pair region within the genome of simian cytomegalovirus strain Colburn contains sequences that hybridize intensely with both human and mouse total genome DNA probes. This sequence was also found in a second simian cytomegalovirus isolate and was retained in both plaque-purified virus subclones and in plasmid DNA clones containing the SalI P fragment. Cleaved genomic DNAs from several mammalian species all exhibited strong dispersed hybridization with the SalI-P probes, and over 70% of the lambda clones in a mouse genomic library plus several selected clones containing globin, 45S rDNA, or 5S rDNA genes all formed hybrids with SalI-P. The appropriate region of cytomegalovirus SalI-P contains relatively A + T-rich unique sequences interrupted by three stretches of the simple alternating dinucleotides, (CA)15, (CA)22, and (CA)21, which we show to be responsible for most of the cell-virus homology. We conclude that discrete, tandemly repeated (CA) dinucleotide tracts capable of forming left-handed Z-DNA helices punctuate mammalian genomes at greater than 10(5) copies per cell and that three adjacent copies of what appear to be a family of interspersed repetitive elements containing these (CA)n stretches are carried in the genomes of simian cytomegaloviruses.

scholarly journals Punishers Benefit From Third-Party Punishment in Fish: Fig. 1

Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 327 (5962) ◽  
pp. 171-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichola J. Raihani ◽  
Alexandra S. Grutter ◽  
Redouan Bshary
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Female Partner ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Complex Behavior ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Labroides Dimidiatus ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Nonhuman Species ◽  
Shed Light

In cases where uninvolved bystanders pay to punish defectors, this behavior has typically been interpreted in terms of group-level rather than individual-level benefits. Male cleaner fish, Labroides dimidiatus, punish their female partner if she cheats while inspecting model clients. Punishment promotes female cooperation and thereby yields direct foraging benefits to the male. Thus, third-party punishment can evolve via self-serving tendencies in a nonhuman species, and this finding may shed light on the evolutionary dynamics of more complex behavior in other animal species, including humans.

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