scholarly journals Small arthropods as pollinators in a New Zealand pak choi field trial

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 92-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.K. Walker ◽  
B.G. Howlett ◽  
J.A. McCallum ◽  
A.R. Wallace ◽  
D.A.J. Teulon
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Pak Choi ◽  
Brassica Crops ◽  
Seed Crops

Brassica seed crops are grown throughout New Zealand and worldwide and intercrop and cropweed contamination through gene flow is a major concern For Brassica large arthropods (body length > 3 mm) particularly honey bees are the most important pollinators and are considered key vectors of pollen Small arthropods (body length < 3 mm) are also abundant in Brassica crops but their role as pollinators is rarely assessed Numerous small arthropods (particularly Diptera and Thysanoptera) were recorded within cages surrounding pak choi inflorescences that excluded large arthropods Inflorescences inside these cages set seed but seed set was significantly reduced compared with inflorescences in cages that were hand pollinated and uncaged inflorescences Although the presence of large arthropods significantly increased seed set the role of small arthropods and wind cannot be excluded in pak choi pollination Further studies are required to fully determine the role of small arthropods in long distance pollen flow

scholarly journals Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) Crop Performance, Insect Pollinators, and Pollen Dispersal in the Northeastern US

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Rizzitello ◽  
Chuan-Jie Zhang ◽  
Carol Auer
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Pollen Dispersal ◽  
Camelina Sativa ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Insect Visitation ◽  
Pollinating Insects

AbstractCamelina sativa (camelina) is an oilseed crop in the Brassicaceae that has been genetically engineered for the production of biofuels, dietary supplements, and other industrial compounds. Cultivation in North America is both recent and limited, so there are gaps in knowledge regarding yield, weed competition, and pollen-mediated gene flow. For these experiments, camelina ‘SO-40’ was grown for three years without weed control. Spring-sown camelina was harvested at 80-88 days with ∼1200 growing degree days (GDD) with yields of 425-508 kg/hectare. Camelina yields were the same with or without weeds, showing competitive ability in low-management conditions. Crop failure in 2015 was associated with delayed rainfall and above-average temperatures after seeding. Camelina flowers attracted pollinating insects from the Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera. Hymenoptera included honey bees (Apis melifera), mining bees (Andrenidae), sweat bees (Halictidae), bumble bees (Bombus spp.) and leaf cutter bees (Megachilidae). Insect visitation on camelina flowers was associated with modest increases in seed yield. Honey bees comprised 28-33% of all pollinators and were shown to carry camelina pollen on their legs. Air sampling showed that wind-blown pollen was present at low concentrations at 9 m beyond the edges of the field. These experiments demonstrated for the first time that camelina pollen dispersal could occur through honey bees or wind, although bee activity would likely be more significant for long-distance gene flow.

scholarly journals The role of field inspection in seed certification

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
I.D. Eaden
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Optimum Time ◽  
Seed Certification ◽  
Field Inspection ◽  
Certification Scheme ◽  
Oil Seed ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Growing Crop

The New Zealand Seed Certification Scheme has operated for almost 50 years, 12 as a member of the OECD Herbage and Oil Seed Scheme. The objective is to ensure that seed of high cultivar purity is available to the grower having regard to the criteria laid down for the inspection of seed crops. These include the origin of the seed, paddock history, isolation, a field inspection of the growing crop at the optimum time for the detection of contamination with other cultivars and species and certain specific diseases and weeds. Key words: New Zealand seed certification, field inspection.

scholarly journals Native and introduced bee abundances on carrot seed crops in New Zealand

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.G. Howlett ◽  
G.O. Lankin-Vega ◽  
D.E. Pattemore
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Pollen Flow ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Important Crop ◽  
Carrot Seed ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Abundance And Distribution

In New Zealand unmanaged bees species can be important crop pollinators but their abundance and distribution is poorly known within hybrid carrot seed crops Standardised counts of bees visiting flowering carrot umbels (1350 umbels observed/field) across 19 commercial hybrid fields were conducted between 1000 h and 1500 h Despite honey bees being observed in all fields abundance varied greatly between fields (mean981; maximum330 minimum1) Other bees observed visiting umbels were Lasioglossum sordidum (17 fields; mean14; maximum65); Leioproctus sp (12 fields; mean20; maximum19); Hylaeus sp (one field; maximum 1) and Bombus terrestris (six fields; mean20; maximum11) The number of individual bees (all species together) counted/ umbel on male fertile umbels was significantly higher than on male sterile umbels a factor that could contribute to suboptimal pollen flow between umbel lines by bees Examination of their movements between male fertile and sterile lines is required to verify their efficiency as pollinators

scholarly journals Small flowervisiting arthropods in New Zealand pak choi fields

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 86-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.G. Howlett ◽  
M.K. Walker ◽  
J.A. McCallum ◽  
D.A.J. Teulon
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Pak Choi

Flowervisiting small arthropods (body length

scholarly journals Preliminary observations of Osmia coerulescens as a pollinator of herbage seed crops

1998 ◽  
pp. 161-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.G. Purves ◽  
P.T.P. Clifford ◽  
B.J. Donovan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
2Nd Generation ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
Seed Crops

The availability of large numbers of pollinators is critical to the efficient seed production of crosspollinated species of herbage legumes. The honey bee is the predominant pollinator of crops in New Zealand. There are risks in being solely dependent on the honey bee for pollination. Honey bee diseases and mites have reduced bee numbers in many parts of the world. The floral morphologies of some species such as tetraploid red clovers and lucerne are unsuited to pollination by honey bees. Other than in some localised areas, alternative pollinators have had little impact on improving pollination of these species in New Zealand. In 1995, Osmia coerulescens L. was introduced into New Zealand to be evaluated as an alternative, managed pollinator for herbage seed crops. Results from the 1997/98 season show that O. coerulescens can be stored at 2-3°C with low mortality until the bees are 9 months old. When stored to 10.5 months of age, reproductive vigour was lost and mortality was high. The potential multiplication rate of this bee is high, especially in the first generation of a season. Managing the bees to emerge during summer rather than spring as occurs naturally had no effect on bee reproduction. The bee also successfully reproduced when retricted to white clover flowers as the only source of pollen and nectar. The wasp parasitoid Melittobia spp. destroyed large numbers of developing bees resulting from the nesting of 2nd-generation bees. Control of Melittobia spp. is discussed. Keywords: management, Melittobia spp., Osmia coerulescens, pollination

Assessing the effect of inbreeding and long-distance gene flow on the invasive potential of Senecio pterophorus (Asteraceae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Caño ◽  
Josep Escarré ◽  
José M. Blanco-Moreno ◽  
F. Xavier Sans
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Spanish Population ◽  
Alien Invasive Species ◽  
Invasive Potential ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Introduced Population

Alien invasive species undergo genetic bottlenecks during the colonisation of new areas that can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations and to subsequent reproductive constraints. We analysed the self-compatibility and the effects of inbreeding and inter-population gene flow in the fitness of one native and one introduced population of the invasive Senecio pterophorus D.C. Plants were self-pollinated and outcrossed within families, within populations, between local populations and between populations located in the native and introduced range. Self-pollinated individuals from both populations produced almost no seeds, thus revealing self-incompatibility. High family-level variation was observed in the effect of pollination treatment on seed set and total fitness. Overall, in the Spanish population, related crosses produced fewer seeds and lower germination rates than unrelated crosses. In the South African population, inbreeding depression affected the probability of flowering. Heterosis was found to affect seed set in both populations and growth and mean pre-reproductive time in the Spanish population. We discuss the effects of the incompatibility system, inbreeding depression and long-distance gene flow within the introduced population with respect to the invasive potential of S. pterophorus in north-eastern Spain.

scholarly journals Sex-biased dispersal patterns of a social passerine: complementary approaches and evidence for a role of spatial scale

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 592-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianqiang Li ◽  
Lei Lv ◽  
Pengcheng Wang ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Ben J Hatchwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Central China ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Dispersal Pattern ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Geographical Scale

Abstract Animal dispersal patterns have important implications for many biological processes, but the measurement of dispersal is challenging and often requires the use of complementary approaches. In this study, we investigated the local-scale sex-biased dispersal pattern in a social bird, the black-throated tit (Aegithalos concinnus), in central China. Spatial genetic autocorrelation analyses suggested that significant fine-scale genetic structure existed in males but not in females. Mark–recapture analyses of ringed individuals also showed that female offspring were more dispersive than male offspring, supporting genetic evidence of local female-biased dispersal. These results were contrary to a previous finding of male-biased long-distance dispersal in this species that was based on analyses of gene flow across the species range in China. This implies that the species might potentially have a scale-dependent dispersal strategy, with females frequently dispersing further than males at the local level, but with a proportion of males occasionally dispersing over long distances and contributing more to gene flow at a larger geographical scale. Long-distance dispersal by male black-throated tits might be induced by competition for resources or by unfavourable environmental conditions, warranting further investigation, but our findings increase the evidence that geographical scale is an important factor to be considered when investigating animal dispersal patterns.

scholarly journals A new nematode species, Chromadorina tangaroa sp. nov. (Chromadorida: Chromadoridae) from the hull of a research vessel, New Zealand

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Leduc
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Ship Hull ◽  
Artificial Substrates ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Ship Hulls ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Globally Distributed

Chromadorina is a globally distributed, largely marine nematode genus frequently found on a variety of organisms, including macro- and microalgae and crustaceans, as well as artificial substrates such as settlement plates and ship hulls. Here, Chromadorina tangaroa sp. nov. is described from filamentous seaweed growing on the hull of RV Tangaroa anchored in Wellington, North Island of New Zealand. It is characterized by body length 763–1,086 μm, and pore of secretory-excretory system located at or near level of teeth. Males have spicules with rounded capitulum followed by a narrower shaft and blade tapered distally, a gubernaculum as long as the spicules, and three cup-shaped precloacal supplements, and females are characterized by a cuticularized prevulvar pad, vagina located at 46–48% of body length from anterior, and vagina anteriorly directed. Chromadorina tangaroa sp. nov. is the first species of the genus to be described from New Zealand, but it is unclear whether it is native to the region because it may have dispersed as part of ship hull biofouling communities. Long-distance transport of nematodes through ship hull biofouling may be a common occurrence, but too little is known about the occurrence of nematodes on ship hulls to gauge the potential effect of shipping on nematode species distributions.

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