scholarly journals SPECIFIC FEATURES IN THE EXPRESSION OF INTRASPECIES VARIABILITY OF PRUNUS PUMILA FRUITS IN CHELYABINSK PROVINCE IN THE PROCESS OF INTRODUCTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 180 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
M. S. Lezin ◽  
V. S. Simagin ◽  
A. V. Lokteva
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Intraspecies Variability ◽  
Peduncle Length ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Introduced Population

Background. The studied population of Prunus pumila L. has been introduced into Chelyabinsk Province, as its natural area of distribution is in North America. Of interest for researchers is the introduced population’s variability, induced by the effect of soil and climate factors natural for its new habitat.Materials and methods. A collection of 197 plants was employed to study the variability of P. pumila. Morphological characters were described in compliance with atlases dedicated to seed and fruit descriptive morphology, with some adjustments concerning specific features of the subfamily Prunoideae Focke. The confidence interval for means was calculated using the reliability criterion of t2 = 2.576. The degree of variation was assessed for the studied characters according to S. A. Mamaev’s scale.Results and conclusion. The average fruit weight was 2.49±0.11 g and varied from 1.25 to 5.15 g. The average stone weight was 0.25±0.01 g. Out of the number of morphometric traits, almost all linear characters of fruit and stone size had low variability (coefficient of variation [V]: 8–12%). Of those linear characters, only the peduncle length showed medium variability (V = 13–20%). The stone weight also had medium variability, while the fruit weight demonstrated high variability (V = 21–30%). The fruit shape was subglobose (40.3%), less frequently ovate (20.9%), ovoid (20.9%), broadly ovoid (9.7%), cordate (6.1%) or elliptic (2.0%). The ventral suture was usually barely noticeable, less frequently moderately (3.1%) or strongly expressed (1.0%). Polymorphism was observed in the pulp color, which was usually green-pink (72.8%). The P. pumila stone shape was elliptic (38.1%) or subglobose (34.0%), less frequently prolate (10.7%), ovoid (13.2%) or obovate (4.1%). The stone was symmetrically shaped from the ventral suture and sides, usually looking subglobose from the sides. The shape of the stone’s apex was rounded (85.3%) or, less frequently, obtusely mucronate (15.7%); its base was rounded (80.7%), often attenuate (15.7%), less frequently slightly slanted (3.6%). The stone surface texture was smooth (57.4%), often slightly costate (36.5%). There were several cases of a more costate surface of the stone (6.1%). Thus, the introduced population was found to have broad polymorphism of morphological characters in the fruit and the stone. A considerable increase was observed in morphometric indicators, including the size of fruit and stone, compared with those typical for the species in natural environments, which may be of special significance for breeders. The fusiform shape of the stone, characteristic of var. depressa Pursh. in its natural habitat, was absent in the introduced population.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of some apple cultivars in the south of Syria based on morphological characters

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Al-Halabi ◽  
B. Muzher
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Leaf Margin ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Fruit Diameter

This work was aimed to evaluate genetic diversity among five local and six introduced apple cultivars in the germplasm which located in the South of Syria based on 29 morphological characters of leaf and fruit. The analysis of variance showed significant differences at P < 0.05 for all measured parameters, however the mean values of Limb length and width, fruit weight, length, and width indicated to a wide range of diversity between local and introduced cultivars, that the introduced cultivars have mostly the highest mean value while the local cultivars have the lowest mean values, that clearly found in the local apple cultivar Ksairi (K) which revealed the lowest mean value of fruit weight (FW), fruit length (FL) and fruit diameter (FD) in the comparison with all studied cultivars. Likewise, principal component analysis (PCA) was used and the first 4 principal components accounted for 76.4% of the total variance, with eigen values 29.2%, 18.8%, 16.9% and 11.5% respectively. The main important characters in PC1 are correlated with the high mean value of width of stalk cavity (WP), fruit weight (FW), fruit diameter (FD), fruit length (FL), core length (CL), width of calyx cavity (WC), core width (CW), depth of stalk cavity (DP), stalk diameter (SD), seed width (SeW) and leaf margin (LM). PC2 discriminated among cultivars depending on Fruit shape (FS), leaf shape (LS), over color (OC), maturity time (MT), core shape (CS), limp length (LL) and leaf base (LB) which were able to differentiate between all studied cultivars . PC3 is correlated with the high mean value of Stalk length (SL), titratable acidity (TA), total sugar (TS), and total soluble solids (TSS). PC4 is correlated with the high mean value of depth of calyx cavity (DC), leaf apices (LA) and fruit cross section (FCS). Cluster analysis was also used that divided the studied cultivars into two clusters, the first cluster included all local apple cultivars, in addition to Leaz Golden (LG) cultivar, however AbouGhabra (AG) and Ksairi (K) cultivars revealed the highest similarity, which have the same fruit shape(FS), background color (BC), core shape (CS), fruit cross section (FCS), leaf shape (Ls) and leaf margin (LM). While the second cluster included all the other introduced cultivars.International Journal of Environment Vol.4(4) 2015: 86-99

scholarly journals Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) relationship analysis based on morphology character and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Heryanto ◽  
T Arlianti
Keyword(s):  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Relationship Analysis ◽  
Tropical Plant ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) is a tropical plant with many benefits, one of which istraditional medicine. Moreover, noni can grow in all types of climates. Plant diversity is themain key in plant breeding. The existence of a diverse plant makes it easy for breeders toassemble varieties. This study aims to determine the diversity and relationship of nonigermplasm based on morphological characters and RAPD markers. The materials used ten noniaccessions at Cimanggu Research Station, Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops ResearchInstitute (ISMCRI), Bogor, West Java. The morphological characters observed were leaflength, leaf width, number of pods, fruit diameter, fruit weight, and number of seeds. Therewere 20 primers used for RAPD. The results showed that morphological characters of leafshape, fruit shape, and the number of seeds could distinguish noni. Molecular analysis showedthat three primers (OPA 9, OPA 17, and OPB 18) could produce polymorphic DNA bands.Based on differences in DNA band patterns, 10 noni accessions were divided into two groups.There is no specific DNA band pattern that distinguishes a total of seeds noni.

Effect of Iron Limitation on the Ultrastructure of Agmenellum Quadruplicatum

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 410-411
Author(s):  
L. P. Hardie ◽  
D. L. Balkwill ◽  
S. E. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Green Alga ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Iron Limitation ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Blue Green Alga ◽  
Marine Cyanobacterium ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
Agmenellum Quadruplicatum

Agmenellum quadruplicatum is a unicellular, non-nitrogen-fixing, marine cyanobacterium (blue-green alga). The ultrastructure of this organism, when grown in the laboratory with all necessary nutrients, has been characterized thoroughly. In contrast, little is known of its ultrastructure in the specific nutrient-limiting conditions typical of its natural habitat. Iron is one of the nutrients likely to limit this organism in such natural environments. It is also of great importance metabolically, being required for both photosynthesis and assimilation of nitrate. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects (if any) of iron limitation on the ultrastructure of A. quadruplicatum. It was part of a broader endeavor to elucidate the ultrastructure of cyanobacteria in natural systemsActively growing cells were placed in a growth medium containing 1% of its usual iron. The cultures were then sampled periodically for 10 days and prepared for thin sectioning TEM to assess the effects of iron limitation.

scholarly journals A Distinctive and Host-Restricted Gut Microbiota in Populations of a Cactophilic Drosophila Species

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent G. Martinson ◽  
Javier Carpinteyro-Ponce ◽  
Nancy A. Moran ◽  
Therese A. Markow
Keyword(s):  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Columnar Cacti ◽  
Social Bees ◽  
Insect Gut ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Natural Settings ◽  
Bacterial Groups

ABSTRACT Almost all animals possess gut microbial communities, but the nature of these communities varies immensely. For example, in social bees and mammals, the composition is relatively constant within species and is dominated by specialist bacteria that do not live elsewhere; in laboratory studies and field surveys of Drosophila melanogaster, however, gut communities consist of bacteria that are ingested with food and that vary widely among individuals and localities. We addressed whether an ecological specialist in its natural habitat has a microbiota dominated by gut specialists or by environmental bacteria. Drosophila nigrospiracula is a species that is endemic to the Sonoran Desert and is restricted to decaying tissues of two giant columnar cacti, Pachycereus pringlei (cardón cactus) and Carnegiea gigantea (saguaro cactus). We found that the D. nigrospiracula microbiota differs strikingly from that of the cactus tissue on which the flies feed. The most abundant bacteria in the flies are rare or completely absent in the cactus tissue and are consistently abundant in flies from different cacti and localities. Several of these fly-associated bacterial groups, such as the bacterial order Orbales and the genera Serpens and Dysgonomonas, have been identified in prior surveys of insects from the orders Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera, including several Drosophila species. Although the functions of these bacterial groups are mostly unexplored, Orbales species studied in bees are known to break down plant polysaccharides and use the resulting sugars. Thus, these bacterial groups appear to be specialized to the insect gut environment, where they may colonize through direct host-to-host transmission in natural settings. IMPORTANCE Flies in the genus Drosophila have become laboratory models for microbiota research, yet the bacteria commonly used in these experiments are rarely found in wild-caught flies and instead represent bacteria also present in the food. This study shows that an ecologically specialized Drosophila species possesses a distinctive microbiome, composed of bacterial types absent from the flies' natural food but widespread in other wild-caught insects. This study highlights the importance of fieldwork-informed microbiota research.

Variation in fur farm and wild populations of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes (Carnivora: Canidae) — Part I: Morphometry

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Zatoń-Dobrowolska ◽  
Magdalena Moska ◽  
Anna Mucha ◽  
Heliodor Wierzbicki ◽  
Piotr Przysiecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Ear Height ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

This paper demonstrates the influence of artificial selection on morphometric traits in the red fox [Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)]. Measurements and two proportion coefficients were analysed in 132 wild and 199 farm red foxes. The two groups differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) on all but one of the measurements. Eight out of 11 measurements were significantly greater in the farm fox population, while only tail length, ear height, and length of the right hind limb were greater in the population of wild foxes. The opposite trend was observed when analysing variation in the measurements — the farm foxes were characterized by a greater variability only in the case of body weight, body length, and breadth of chest. When analysing the sexual dimorphism index in different sex and population groups, in almost all analysed traits, the greatest differences occurred between farm males and wild females. All of the traits examined in this study are important for survival of wild foxes. However, because importance of some traits was reduced during domestication and selective breeding (farm foxes do not have to fight for survival), the genetic relationship between them may have weakened. Other possible causes of morphological differences between the studied groups of red foxes are discussed as well.

Seed micromorphology of central European Orobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae) in relation to preferred hosts and systematic implications

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Piwowarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Periclinal Wall ◽  
Taxonomic Criterion ◽  
Seed Micromorphology ◽  
Wall Perforation ◽  
Almost All

Holoparasitic genera within family Orobanchaceae are characterised by greatly reduced vegetative organs; therefore, seed micromorphology has proved to be a useful complementary taxonomic criterion. Seeds of 160 samples from 54 localities of 26 taxa of the Orobanche and Phelipanche genera occurring in central Europe, specifically from Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria and Slovakia, supplemented by samples from Spain, France and Ukraine, were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Thirteen quantitative or qualitative morphological characters of seeds were analysed. The following three types of periclinal wall sculpture of seeds were identified: veined and fibrillar in Phelipanche; with oval or elliptic perforations (pitted) in almost all species of Orobanche; with outer periclinal wall smooth, granular or rugged (very rarely visibly pitted), impeding vision of the inner one, occurring only in O. gracilis Sm. and O. coerulescens Stephan in Willd. The influence of different hosts on the features of seeds of eight species is also presented, as well as relationships between seed morphology and taxonomic classification, including problematic taxa. The best diagnostic features include type of ornamentation of the periclinal wall, perforation diameter (in pitted sculpture), fibrillar diameter (in fibrillar sculpture) and width of anticlinal walls. Size and shape of the seeds and cells and the presence of median troughs are variable; however, these features can be helpful when using larger samples. The usefulness of micromorphological studies on seeds of Orobanche and Phelipanche is demonstrated.

A Taxonomic Revision of the Woody South African Genus Notobubon (Apiaceae: Apioideae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Magee ◽  
Ben-Erik van Wyk ◽  
Patricia M. Tilney
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Cape Floristic Region ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Inflorescence Structure ◽  
Peduncle Length ◽  
African Genus

A comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus Notobubon (Apiaceae) is presented. Twelve woody evergreen species are recognised, all (with the exception of N. laevigatum) endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. The taxonomy of these prominent, though poorly collected, species has until now been problematic. They are distinguished from one another by their habit (size and branching pattern), the overall shape, size, and colour of the ultimate leaflet segments, the inflorescence structure (peduncle length, number, and length of rays in the primary umbel), the fruit morphology (fruit size, presence or absence of wings), and the fruit anatomy (symmetry of the mericarps, presence or absence of additional rib vittae, size of commissural vittae). Species relationships are assessed in the form of a cladistic analysis of 26 morphological characters, resulting in a well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis. A comprehensive key to the species, their correct nomenclature, and typification, together with descriptions and known geographical distribution for all the species are presented and illustrated.

scholarly journals Performance of twelve mango cultivars grown in different agroecological zones of Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Kobra ◽  
MA Hossain ◽  
MAH Talukder ◽  
MAJ Bhuyan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Soluble Solids Content ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Agroecological Zones ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Perfect Flower

Twelve commercial and promising mango cultivars were evaluated at three agroecological zones of Bangladesh viz., Akbarpur (AEZ 29), Chapai Nawabgonj (AEZ 11), and Gazipur (AEZ 28) during 2006-07 to investigate their regional adaptability. Cultivars included in the experiment were Ashwina, BARI Aam-1, Bombai, Deori, Fazli, Gopalbhog, Kalia, Khirsapat, Langra, Lata Bombai, Rani Passand, and Surjapuri. The plants were transplanted in the field during July 1993. Tree volume was the maximum (79.78 m3) in Khirsapat and the minimum in Lata Bombai (21.92 m3). Langra had the highest percentage of perfect flower (27%), while the lowest was in Deori and Kalia (5%). The earliest and latest fruit was harvested from BARI Aam-1 and Ashwina, respectively, at all locations. All the cultivars were harvested 3-5 and 8-10 days earlier at Akbarpur and Gazipur, respectively, compared to that at Chapai Nawabgonj. The highest individual fruit weight was obtained from Fazli at all locations, while Gopalbhog (130 g) had the lowest fruit weight at Akbarpur and Surjapuri at Chapai Nawabgonj (172 g) and Gazipur (140 g). Total soluble solids content was reasonably high in all the cultivars at each location (around 20%) except Ashwina, Lata Bombai, and Surjapuri which contained around 16% TSS. Lata Bombai was highly susceptible to anthracnose, floral malformation, and stem-end-rot at almost all the locations. Other cultivars showed low to medium susceptibility to all these diseases. The highest and lowest fruit producing cultivars were Khirsapat (206) and Lata Bombai (106) at Gazipur, while Rani Passand (196) and Bombai, Lata Bombai (92) at Akbarpur but at Chapai Nawabgonj, these were Langra (325) and Deori (117), respectively. Cultivar Fazli (83.61 kg) was the highest yielder by weight, while Lata Bombai (18.35 kg) was the lowest. Among the locations, Chapai Nawabgonj was the most favourable for plant growth, perfect flower production, and yield, and least favourable for pests and diseases. The overall result of the experiment indicated that good quality mango could also be grown successfully under Akbarpur and Gazipur conditions adopting appropriate variety like Khirsapat. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i4.14394 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 37(4): 691-710, December 2012

scholarly journals Diversity of capsaicin content, quantitative, and yield components in chili (Capsicum annuum) genotypes and their F1 hybrid

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulfikar D Sahid ◽  
MUHAMAD SYUKUR ◽  
AWANG MAHARIJAYA
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Quantitative Yield ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

Abstract. Sahid ZD, Syukur M, Maharijaya A. 2020. Genetic diversity of capsaicin content, quantitative, and yield component in chili (Capsicum annuum) and their F1 hybrid. Biodiversitas 21: 2251-2257. Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the horticultural plants that have many benefits. The benefit of chili was determined by pungency level of its fruit. Pungency level of the chili is due to the capsaicin content in fruit. Information about the genetic diversity of capsaicin is still rarely available. The aims of this study were to obtain diversity information on quantitative, yield component, and capsaicin content, and to analyze the correlation among chili genotypes based on their morphological characters. This study used Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The genetic material used in this study consisted of 21 genotypes consisting of 6 genotypes of chili elders and 15 hybrid F1 genotypes resulting from their crossing. Six genotypes of the chili parents are C5, F6074, F9160291, Yuni, Bara, and Giant. 15 hybrid F1 genotypes used in this study are C5 x Bara, C5 x F6074, C5 x Yuni, C5 x Giant, C5 x F9160291, Bara x F6074, Bara x Yuni, Bara x Giant, Bara x F9160291, F6074 x Yuni, F6074 x Giant, F6074 x F9160291, Yuni x Giant, Yuni x F9160291, and Giant x F9160291. The observation was made on the variables of quantitative, yield, and capsaicin components on chili. The results showed that the highest capsaicin content only was found in Bara x F9160291. The results of scatterplot analysis showed that the highest capsaicin and yield component was found in BaraxF6074 and C5 x Yuni genotype. The results of cluster analysis showed that chili was clustered into three color groups. The character of capsaicin content is negatively correlated and very different from fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, thick fruit flesh, total amount of fruit per plant, and fruit weight per plant.

Pepper variome reveals the history and key loci associated with fruit domestication and diversification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Giuliano ◽  
Yacong Cao ◽  
Kang Zhang ◽  
Hailong Yu ◽  
Donghui Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Horticultural Crop ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Temporal Succession ◽  
Genomic Regions

Abstract Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is one of the earliest domesticated crops, providing a unique pungent sensation when eaten. Through the construction of the first pepper variome, we describe the main groups that emerged during domestication and breeding of C. annuum, their relations and temporal succession, and the molecular events underlying the main transitions. The initial differentiation in fruit shape and pungency, increase in fruit weight, and transition from erect to pendent fruits, and the recent appearance of blocky, large, sweet fruits (bell peppers), were accompanied by strong selection/fixation of key alleles and introgressions in two large genomic regions. Furthermore, we describe the identification of Up, a key domestication gene controlling erect vs pendent fruit orientation, encoding a BIG GRAIN protein involved in auxin transport, and Flip1 associated with capsaicinoid content, encoding a protein involved in phospholipid flipping. The function of Up was confirmed by virus-induced gene silencing. These findings constitute a cornerstone for understanding the domestication and differentiation of a key horticultural crop.

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