Role of Bacterial and Parasitic Pathogens in Occurrence of Neonatal Diarrhoea in Goat-Kids

SummaryFaeces samples from diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic lambs and goat kids aged 1–45 days were examined for enteric pathogens.Cryptosporidium parvumwas detected in both diarrhoeic lambs (45%) and goat kids (42%) but not in non-diarrhoeic animals. F5+(K99+) and/or F41+Escherichia colistrains were isolated from 26% and 22% of the diarrhoeic lambs and goat kids, respectively, although these strains, which did not produce enterotoxins ST I or LT I, were found with similar frequencies in non-diarrhoeic animals. A F5−F41−ST I+E. colistrain was isolated from a diarrhoeic lamb (0·6%). VerotoxigenicE. coliwas isolated from both diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic lambs (4·1% and 8·2%, respectively) and there was no association between infection and diarrhoea. The prevalence of group A rotavirus infection in diarrhoeic lambs was very low (2·1%). Groups A and B rotaviruses were detected in three (8·1%) and five (13·5%) diarrhoeic goat kids from two single outbreaks. Group C rotaviruses were detected in four non-diarrhoeic goat kids. An association of diarrhoea and infection was demonstrated only for group B rotavirus.Clostridium perfringenswas isolated from 10·8% of the diarrhoeic goat kids but not from non-diarrhoeic goat kids or lambs.Salmonella arizonaewas isolated from a diarrhoeic goat kid (2·7%) and the clinical characteristics of the outbreaks where these two latter enteropathogens were found different from the rest. Picobirnaviruses were detected in a diarrhoeic lamb. No coronaviruses were detected using a bovine coronavirus ELISA. No evidence was found of synergistic effect between the agents studied. Enteric pathogens were not found in four (8·7%) and three (20%) outbreaks of diarrhoea in lambs and goat kids, respectively.

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THE ROLE OF FECAL TNF ALPHA AND CALPROTECTION IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF NEONATAL DIARRHOEA

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition ◽

10.1097/00005176-200505000-00025 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (5) ◽

pp. 618

Author(s):

N Kapel ◽

C Roman ◽

D Caldari ◽

F Sieprath ◽

Y Khalfoun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tnf Alpha ◽

Neonatal Diarrhoea

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Role of Cryptosporidium parvum as a pathogen in neonatal diarrhoea complex in suckling and dairy calves in France

Veterinary Parasitology ◽

10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00111-9 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 85 (4) ◽

pp. 245-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Muriel Naciri ◽

Marie Paul Lefay ◽

Roselyne Mancassola ◽

Pierre Poirier ◽

René Chermette

Keyword(s):

Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Neonatal Diarrhoea

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Ficolins and the Recognition of Pathogenic Microorganisms: An Overview of the Innate Immune Response and Contribution of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2019/3205072 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Stefan Bidula ◽

Darren W. Sexton ◽

Silke Schelenz

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Innate Immune Response ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Viral Pathogens ◽

Susceptibility Factors ◽

Parasitic Pathogens ◽

Surface Carbohydrates

Ficolins are innate pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and play integral roles within the innate immune response to numerous pathogens throughout the circulation, as well as within organs. Pathogens are primarily removed by direct opsonisation following the recognition of cell surface carbohydrates and other immunostimulatory molecules or via the activation of the lectin complement pathway, which results in the deposition of C3b and the recruitment of phagocytes. In recent years, there have been a number of studies implicating ficolins in the recognition and removal of numerous bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens. Moreover, there has been expanding evidence highlighting that mutations within these key immune proteins, or the possession of particular haplotypes, enhance susceptibility to colonization by pathogens and dysfunctional immune responses. This review will therefore encompass previous knowledge on the role of ficolins in the recognition of bacterial and viral pathogens, while acknowledging the recent advances in the immune response to fungal and parasitic infections. Additionally, we will explore the various genetic susceptibility factors that predispose individuals to infection.

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Potential Role of Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals Against Foodborne Pathogens

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10134597 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (13) ◽

pp. 4597

Author(s):

Farhat Ullah ◽

Muhammad Ayaz ◽

Abdul Sadiq ◽

Farman Ullah ◽

Ishtiaq Hussain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Extracts ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Low Income ◽

Potential Role ◽

Trichinella Spiralis ◽

Foodborne Diseases ◽

In Vivo Models ◽

Prevention And Treatment ◽

Parasitic Pathogens

Foodborne diseases are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, especially in low-income countries with poor sanitation and inadequate healthcare facilities. The foremost bacterial pathogens responsible for global outbreaks include Salmonella species, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Vibrio, Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum. Among the viral and parasitic pathogens, norovirus, hepatitis A virus, Giardia lamblia, Trichinella spiralis, Toxoplasma and Entamoeba histolytica are commonly associated with foodborne diseases. The toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens also cause these infections. The currently available therapies for these infections are associated with various limited efficacy, high cost and side-effects. There is an urgent need for effective alternative therapies for the prevention and treatment of foodborne diseases. Several plant extracts and phytochemicals were found to be highly effective to control the growth of these pathogens causing foodborne infections in in vitro systems. The present review attempts to provide comprehensive scientific information on major foodborne pathogens and the potential role of phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of these infections. Further detailed studies are necessary to evaluate the activities of these extracts and phytochemicals along with their mechanism of action using in vivo models.

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The Unexplored Role of Probiotics on the Parasitic Pathogens

Food and Nutrition Sciences ◽

10.4236/fns.2014.522230 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 05 (22) ◽

pp. 2177-2184 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bratati Mukhopadhyay ◽

Nirmal Kumar Ganguly

Keyword(s):

Parasitic Pathogens

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An NAD+-dependent novel transcription factor controls stage conversion in Entamoeba

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.37912 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Dipak Manna ◽

Christian Stephan Lentz ◽

Gretchen Marie Ehrenkaufer ◽

Susmitha Suresh ◽

Amrita Bhat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factor ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Protozoan Parasite ◽

Regulatory Motif ◽

Stage Conversion ◽

Life Cycle Stages ◽

Direct Binding ◽

Promoter Dna ◽

Parasitic Pathogens

Developmental switching between life-cycle stages is a common feature among parasitic pathogens to facilitate disease transmission and pathogenesis. The protozoan parasite Entamoeba switches between invasive trophozoites and dormant cysts, but the encystation process remains poorly understood despite being central to amoebic biology. We identify a transcription factor, Encystation Regulatory Motif-Binding Protein (ERM-BP), that regulates encystation. Down-regulation of ERM-BP decreases encystation efficiency resulting in abnormal cysts with defective cyst walls. We demonstrate that direct binding of NAD+ to ERM-BP affects ERM-BP conformation and facilitates its binding to promoter DNA. Additionally, cellular NAD+ levels increase during encystation and exogenous NAD+ enhances encystation consistent with the role of carbon source depletion in triggering Entamoeba encystation. Furthermore, ERM-BP catalyzes conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, which might have second messenger effects on stage conversion. Our findings link the metabolic cofactors nicotinamide and NAD+ to transcriptional regulation via ERM-BP and provide the first mechanistic insights into Entamoeba encystation.

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