scholarly journals CO2 Emission from Brickfields in Bangladesh: Can Ethical Responsibility by Doing Reduce Level of Emission?

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-272
Author(s):  
Akim M. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Deadweight Loss ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Total Surplus ◽  
Brick Kilns ◽  
Welfare Losses

Recent years’ rapid urbanization and then rural to urban migration have created increasing demands of bricks usages in Bangladesh. However, brick industry has been largely using inefficient, dirty technology and burns woods-coal. It injects huge volume of CO2 in atmosphere. For policy guidance on the issue, this study analyzes the basic issues of CO2 emission from brickfields in terms of marginal damage (MD) analysis. Findings show that the marginal social costs are higher than marginal private (producer of bricks) costs where brickfields are benefiting with the expense of Bangladeshi society as a whole. As time passes by, rises of brick-prices have been causing upward trends of welfare losses where producers’ surpluses are dominating in the total surplus. This economic situation has been causing higher deadweight loss year after year. Addressing the issues, national strategies and policy actions are needed. Reforestation efforts can be achieved in multi-faucets: brick-fields’ charity, government policies on planting trees & policies on motivational efforts inspiring citizens of Bangladesh. Motivational policy can be: i) inspiring celebration individual’s “Birthday, Having 1st child in family and Event of marriage” by planting trees, ii) forcing to utilize green tech in brick kilns and iii) conducting academic research where financial supports are in need. Keywords: brickfields, effluent gases emission, causes social costs & deadweight loss, reforestation, motivational efforts of government policies

scholarly journals Will Climate Change Cause Enormous Social Costs for Poor Asian Cities?

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Rural Farmers ◽  
Disease Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Challenges

Climate change could significantly reduce the quality of life for poor people in Asia. Extreme heat and drought, and the increased incidence of natural disasters will pose new challenges for the urban poor and rural farmers. If farming profits decline, urbanization rates will accelerate and the social costs of rapid urbanization could increase due to rising infectious disease rates, pollution, and congestion. This paper studies strategies for reducing the increased social costs imposed on cities by climate change.

scholarly journals Living and Planning on the Edge: Unravelling Conflict and Claim-Making in Peri-Urban Lahore, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Cermeño
Keyword(s):  
Urban Governance ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Spatial Transformation ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
City Development ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Population Growth Rates ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
Inclusive Approach ◽  
High Population Growth

In Lahore, Pakistan’s second largest city, high population growth rates, decades of rural-urban migration, and rampant land and real-estate speculation have contributed to the rapid urbanization of peri-urban land and the engulfing of pre-existing rural settlements. Lahore’s spatial transformation goes hand in hand with an increasingly complex urban governance framework. Historically shaped by colonial planning institutions and decades of political instability as power alternated between military and civilian regimes, Pakistan’s governance practices have contributed to increasing levels of urban segregation and inequality. This raises questions around the in- and exclusionary role of planning in fostering or constraining residents’ access to housing and services. Comparing three vignettes and drawing upon insights gained from extensive fieldwork, this article employs the concept of ‘access-assemblages’ to analyze how access to urban resources—i.e., land, housing, and services—is experienced, disputed, and negotiated in the rapidly urbanizing peri-urban fringe of Lahore. The cases represent different spatial and socio-political configurations brought about by a variety of actors involved in the planning and development of the city’s periphery as well as in contesting development: private developers, the army, the city development authorities, and the residents of affected villages. The analysis unpacks the planning rationalities and mechanisms that reinforce inequalities of access and exclusions. Unfolding practices that enable or hinder actors’ ability to access resources sheds light on the complex layers assembled in urban planning in Lahore and serves as a basis to rethink planning towards a more inclusive approach.

scholarly journals High resolution mapping of combustion processes and implications for CO<sub>2</sub> emissions

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 21211-21239 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wang ◽  
S. Tao ◽  
P. Ciais ◽  
H. Z. Shen ◽  
Y. Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
High Resolution Mapping ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Resolution Mapping ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. High-resolution mapping of fuel combustion and CO2 emission provides valuable information for inferring terrestrial carbon balance, modeling pollutant transport, and developing mitigation strategies. Previous inventories included only a limited number of fuel types and anthropogenic emissions were mapped using national population proxies which may distort the geographical distribution within countries. In this study, a sub-national disaggregation method (SDM) was applied to establish a global 0.1°×0.1° geo-referenced inventory of fuel combustion (PKU-FUEL) and a corresponding CO2 emission inventory (PKU-CO2) based upon 64 fuel sub-types for the year 2007. Uncertainties of the new inventories were evaluated using a Monte Carlo method. The total combustion CO2 emission in 2007 was 11.2 (9.11 and 13.3 as 5th and 95th percentiles) Pg C yr−1. By replacing national disaggregation with sub-national disaggregation in this study, the average 95th minus 5th percentile ranges of CO2 emission for all grids can be reduced from 417 to 68.2 Mg km−2 yr−1, indicating a significant reduction in uncertainty, because the uneven distribution of per-capita fuel consumptions within countries has been taken into account by using the sub-national fuel consumption data directly. Significant difference in per-capita CO2 emissions between urban and rural areas was found in developing nations (2.09 vs. 0.600 Mg C cap−1 yr−1), but not in developed ones (3.57 vs. 3.42 Mg C cap−1 yr−1), suggesting strong influence of the rapid urbanization of these countries on the carbon emission. By using the CO2 emission product, a new spatial pattern of terrestrial carbon sink was derived and the impact of sub-national disaggregation is discussed.

Welfare Implications of Deviation from Network Neutrality

2012 ◽  
pp. 108-131
Author(s):  
Emin Koksal
Keyword(s):  
Social Costs ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Network Neutrality ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Total Surplus ◽  
Welfare Implications ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Vertical Foreclosure ◽  
Policy Proposals

This paper investigates how incentives of network operators to deviate from neutrality may create social costs or benefits in different market structures. The deviation from network neutrality is a general form of discrimination based on charging different prices for non-affiliated content and application providers. In this paper, deviation from network neutrality is formulated as a form of vertical foreclosure. While constructing the model two-sided nature of the internet service, the providing market is considered. The author found that, although monopoly network operators have no incentive to deviate from neutrality, the duopoly network operators have this incentive. Welfare analysis suggests destructive results for almost all participants, hence the total surplus in both market structures. In addition, the analysis for the degree of integration between the network operators and their affiliated content and application providers, suggest some policy proposals to discourage their degree of integration.

Urban Migration and Selective Acculturation: The Case of the Maori

1974 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Collette ◽  
Pat O'Malley
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
European Population ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
World War ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social

The New Zealand Maori represent an important case study in the processes of urbanization and acculturation of an indigenous people. Whereas prior to World War II very few Maoris lived in cities, despite the existence of urban areas since the mid-nineteenth century, the postwar period has witnessed the most rapid urbanization of an indigenous people. By 1966, over one-half of the Maori population resided in cities and urban boroughs. The reasons for the occurrence of this phenomenon are discussed in terms of four factors: (1) changes in the attitudes of the European population; (2) changes in governmental policies concerning the social and economic development of the Maori population; (3) differences between the economic positions of rural and urban Maoris; and (4) the social changes effected by the military and logistic necessities of World War II. One of the most important features of Maori urbanization is that it is occurring without involving extensive loss or destruction of traditional Maori culture. It seems that the rapidity with which urbanization is occurring is at least partly responsible for the maintenance of traditional culture in the urban setting.

scholarly journals News and Social Cost: The Case of Oil Spills and Distant Viewers

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Scott Farrow ◽  
Douglas M. Larson
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Welfare Losses ◽  
Use Values ◽  
Contingent Valuation Methods ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Private Value ◽  
A Current

Although contingent valuation methods are now frequently used to assess the total value of even distant events, benefit-cost analysis could also be informed by observed behavior that links distant events and consumers. It is typically the news media which connect passive consumers to distant events about which they may or may not take action. The information and adaptation costs incurred by the news consumer are privately beneficial, but additionally are shown to be a lower bound to social welfare losses from a socially defined “bad” event under plausible circumstances. The recent Deepwater Horizon well blow-out in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is a current example which we seek to inform by study of the oil spill from the Valdez, Alaska spill in 1989. We identify an incremental willingness to pay for news about the Exxon Valdez spill above a standard news broadcast and an increased probability of viewing a broadcast related to the spill. We develop and explain how this private value associated with media consumption can be interpreted as a partial measure of social costs for passive viewers who take no further action beyond news viewing and likely represent the majority of affected citizens (though not necessarily the majority of social costs). Though the per-person values of passive users may be modest in magnitude in the present application, some passive use values appear to be measurable, and that it may well be worth pursuing further the search for the faint but observable links between behavior and distant events through the news media.

scholarly journals Water Pollution in a Densely Populated Megapolis, Dhaka

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2124
Author(s):  
Toriqul Bashar ◽  
Ivan W.H. Fung
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Pollution Levels

Rapid urbanization has been a boon for industrial growth in Bangladesh, leading the Dhaka megapolis to become one of the least livable places in the world. These circumstances, however, have received little attention by policy makers and in academic research. Using mainly secondary data, this article explores the water quality of the river Buriganga that flows across Dhaka and identifies major sources of pollutants. While much of the article analyzes the sources and extent of pollution, it also points toward a great threat to public health from the presence of high levels of heavy metals, such as chromium, lead, and iron, as well as chemicals, including ammonia and phosphate. Moreover, the article recommends some policy changes that could potentially reduce pollution levels and boost water sustainability not only in Dhaka but also in other fast-growing cities in the least developed countries (LDCs).

Skill Formation, Employment and Earnings in the Urban Informal Sector

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahnaz Kazi
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Formal Training ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Skill Formation ◽  
Surplus Labour ◽  
Training Institutions ◽  
Development Literature

The origins of the informal sector are traced to the twin problems of rapid urbanization, as a result of rural to urban migration, and low rates of employment expansion in the "modem" sector. The inability of the "modern" sector to provide jobs for the fast growing urban labour force, however, is not' reflected in widespread unemployment. Instead, the surplus labour is absorbed in other sections of the urban economy which has been termed in the development literature as the informal sector. The informal sector not only serves the important function of absorbing surplus labour unable to find jobs in the modern organized sector but it is also the training ground for workers in the economy. According to the Sixth Plan document, of the estimated 50,000 skilled workers produced annually only ten percent go through formal training institutions (Government of Pakistan 1983).

Welfare Implications of Deviation from Network Neutrality

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-49
Author(s):  
Emin Koksal
Keyword(s):  
Social Costs ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Network Neutrality ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Total Surplus ◽  
Welfare Implications ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Vertical Foreclosure ◽  
Policy Proposals

This paper investigates how incentives of network operators to deviate from neutrality may create social costs or benefits in different market structures. The deviation from network neutrality is a general form of discrimination based on charging different prices for non-affiliated content and application providers. In this paper, deviation from network neutrality is formulated as a form of vertical foreclosure. While constructing the model two-sided nature of the internet service, the providing market is considered. The author found that, although monopoly network operators have no incentive to deviate from neutrality, the duopoly network operators have this incentive. Welfare analysis suggests destructive results for almost all participants, hence the total surplus in both market structures. In addition, the analysis for the degree of integration between the network operators and their affiliated content and application providers, suggest some policy proposals to discourage their degree of integration.

Congestion and Pollution in Chinese Cities

2019 ◽  
pp. 549-575
Author(s):  
Siqi Zheng ◽  
Cong Sun ◽  
Jianghao Wang ◽  
Xiaoke Hu
Keyword(s):  
Market Power ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
City Growth ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
Republic Of China

The rapid urbanization of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is assumed to generate greater economic benefits in terms of income, but also result in greater social costs in terms of negative externalities. This chapter focuses on the direct relationship between city growth and the urban diseases of congestion and pollution in the PRC. The ‘demand–supply–government’ framework is employed to analyse the sources and consequences of these major urban diseases. The roles of market power and political power in congestion and pollution mitigation are also discussed in this chapter.

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