scholarly journals Sourse degradation - global environmental problem

2017 ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myroslav Voloshchuk
Keyword(s):  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Complex Situation ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
Catchment Areas

Based on generalization of literary sources, normative legal, stock materials and experimental data, the complex situation of soil degradation is highlighted. Different types and intensity of the manifestation of soil degradation, their distribution and characteristics are described. The threatening situation of manifestation of degradation processes in some regions of Ukraine is shown, among which soil erosion occupies the leading place. More than 4.5 million hectares are occupied by medium and strongly ground soils, including 68 thousand hectares completely lost their humus horizon. Particularly large areas of eroded soils are distributed on arable land in the Vinnytsia, Luhansk, Donetsk, Odesa, Chernivtsi and Ternopil regions, where the average annual ground wash is 24.5–27.8 t/ha with a tolerance of 2.5–3.7 t/ha. As a result of erosion processes from the total area of agricultural land, about 500 million tons of fertile soil layer is washed out on average annually, which contains about 24 million tons of humus, 0.96 million tons of nitrogen, 0.68 million tons of phosphorus and 9.4 million tons of potassium equivalent to 320–333 million tons of organic fertilizers, and ecological and economic losses due to erosion exceed 9 billion UAH. Flat soil was associated with linear erosion. The main indicators characterizing the degree of damage to land by linear erosion are the density of ravines, the distance and area between them, the slope, the properties of soils and rocks, the morphometric parameters of the ravines and their catchment areas. According to various estimates, the area of land affected by linear erosion in the country increases by 5–10 thousand ha annually. The effect of the ravines on the complete destruction of the land, deformation of the soil cover is highlighted. Information on various types of soil pollution by poison chemicals, industrial waste is given. According to the prediction of scientists in such a situation, 120–150 years on the planet can destroy the fertile soil layer. Key words: erosion, dehumidification, pollution, waterlogging, acidity, degraded land.

scholarly journals On the Issue of Research of Information Support of Sustainable Agricultural Landscapes Formation

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Shelter Belts ◽  
Forest Belts ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Creation

Purpose. To characterize the methodological approaches that we develop in the formation of a system of information support for the creation and maintenance of the functioning of modern sustainable agricultural landscapes and to show the results of their implementation on the example of the territory of some agricultural enterprises of the Kharkiv region. Methods. Cartographic, geoinformation analysis, calculation, statistical and mathematical. Results. Some results of the work of the collective on the issues of information support for the creation and maintenance of the functioning of modern sustainable agricultural landscapes. Namely, verification of erosion models, studies of the functionality of shelter belts, the formation of an agroeconet (an extensive network of natural and quasi-natural landscapes) on agricultural land massifs, which ensures the maintenance of stable functioning of meso and macrolevel agrolandscapes, as well as the experience of using magnetic prospecting methods to verify the results of mathematical modeling of erosion processes. Conclusions. A number of methodological approaches to information support of the formation of sustainable agricultural landscapes in the natural and socio-economic conditions of Ukraine have been developed. They relate to the functioning of anti-erosion measures of permanent action, the processes of modern transformation of agro-landscapes, the ecological impact of erosion processes on the environment. The connection between the length of forest belts per unit of arable land and soil erosion is shown. A methodical approach has been developed to estimate the amount of soil washed away from arable land and to calculate the measures necessary to eliminate its harmful effects on the environment.

scholarly journals ORGANIZATION OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL LAND USE BASED ON LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-348
Author(s):  
Vladimir TATARINTSEV ◽  
◽  
Leonid TATARINTSEV ◽  
Alex MATSYURA ◽  
Andrei BONDAROVICH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Landscape Analysis ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Agricultural Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Erosion Processes

The aim of the work was the landscape analysis of agricultural geographical landscapes in the Altai Territory and elaboration of measures aimed at the rational use of agricultural lands. Environmental and landscape (landscape) approach became the main method of scientific research used in the analysis of modern agricultural landscapes. The cartographic method, using GIS-technologies, made it possible to digitize the obtained materials. Synthesized maps of agro-ecological, natural and other zoning of territories are based on topographic, soil, geobotanical and other thematic maps made during land surveying during the field survey. Retrospective analysis, induction and deduction methods,analysis and synthesis, as well as the abstract-logic method were also used in the work. Our main result was the analysis of land use territory for agricultural enterprise in municipal district of Altai Krai. Exploration of lands indicates a pronounced plant-growing specialization of JSC “Pobeda” with a developed animal breeding direction. Limiting factors affecting the rational use of land are natural and climatic conditions, terrain,unsystematic anthropogenic activity and, as a result, the development of erosion processes. The degree of eroded and deflated arable land is more than 50%, hay and pasture lands are also very unstable. Landscapes have been typified, based on which eleven types of land have been identified and their geomorphological description has been carried out. The first five types of land can be used for agricultural production with limitations compensated by crop technology and erosion control measures, the sixth and seventh types require grassing and, in some cases,conservation, the eighth and ninth types can be partially used for pasture and area valorization; the remaining two are not suitable for agricultural use but should be potentially used for planting and forest management. As a result of the presented transformation of agricultural lands, the structure of cultivated areas has changed. The area of arable land decreased by 877 ha, and of pastures by 365 ha,while the area under hayfields, fallow lands, and forest lands increased by 295, 191, and 875 ha respectively. Low-productive lands were withdrawn from agriculture. We suggested that the sustainability of agricultural land use was mainly caused by the reduction of anthropogenic load and increase in ecological equilibrium of the territory.

Modelling of impacts of erosion processes on agricultural landscapes due to intensive rainfall events

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Kohnová ◽  
Zuzana Németová
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Erosion Models ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Physically Based Models

<p>At present, the occurrence of extreme precipitation events is becoming more and more frequent and therefore it is important to quantify their impact on the landscape and soil degradation processes. Until now a wide range of soil erosion models have been developed and many significant studies performed to evaluate soil erosion processes at local and regional level, but there are still many modeling principles that suffer from a range of problems. The general problem in soil erosion modelling lies in the validation and verification of the methodologies used. The validation of erosion models is a very complicated and complex process due to lack of suitable sites, financial demands and due to the high temporal and spatial variability. The paper points to validate the physically and event-based Erosion-3D model predominantly developed to calculate the amounts of soil loss, surface runoff, and depositions resulting from natural and design rainfall events. In the study two different erosion assessment methods were chosen in order to compare diverse evaluation approaches. Both water erosion assessment methods used have certain advantages and disadvantages, but nowadays the use of physically-based models, which are a younger generation of models, are regarded to be a more innovative and effective technique for the evaluation of complex runoff-erosion processes, deposition and transport processes. The significant contribution of physically-based models is seen in their more precise representation of the erosion and deposition processes, a more proper calculation of the erosion, deposition and sediment yields and the application of more complicated characteristics, including fluctuating soil conditions and surface properties in comparison with empirical models. The validation of the models was performed based on the continuous rainfall events for the period selected (2015, 2016 and 2017). The extreme rainfall events occurring during the period were chosen and their serious impact on the agricultural land was modeled. The modelled sediment data were compared with the measured sediment deposition data obtained by a bathymetry survey of the Svacenicky Creek polder. The polder is situated in the middle of the Myjava hill lands in the western part of Slovakia and the bathymetry measurement were conducted using a hydrographical survey using the EcoMapper Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) device. The results of the study include a comparison between the modelled and measured data and an assessment of the impact of the intensive rainfall events on the investigated territory.</p><p>Key words: intensive rainfall events, agricultural land, soil degradation processes, hydrological extremes, physically-based model</p>

scholarly journals Economics of soil erosion: case study of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-41
Author(s):  
Anatolii Kucher ◽  
Lesia Kucher ◽  
Inna Sysoieva ◽  
Borys Pohrishchuk
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Econometric Modeling

Purpose. The main objective of this paper is (і) to determinate the economic loss due to crop productivity loss caused by soil erosion in Ukraine, and (іі) to present the results of the econometric modeling of soil erosion impact on the efficiency crop production at the regional and district level. Methodology / approach. This study uses the following methods: expert assessments and monographic (for the assessment of economic losses due to crop productivity loss from spreading soil erosion); graphical (for building three-dimensional graphs); econometric modeling (to develop a mathematical model of the dependence of the gross crop production and income from sales per 100 hectares from the share of eroded arable land in its total area and production costs in crop industry per 100 hectares); abstract-and-logical (for generalization of the research results). To solve the assigned tasks, linear and quadratic econometric models (production functions) were developed using a dataset (і) from 168 observations (on the example of Ukrainian regions for 2010–2016) and (ii) from 189 observations (on the example of districts of Kharkiv region for 2010–2016). This study was conducted in order to test the hypothesis that the increase in the area of eroded arable land has a negative effect on the gross output of crop production. Results. Our expert assessment of economic losses due to crop productivity loss from spread of soil erosion on agricultural land in Ukraine is 224 mln USD. The obtained results confirm the hypothesis about the negative relationship between gross crop output and the level of land erosion. The obtained data confirm that an increase in the area of eroded arable land by 1 % leads to a decrease in the gross output of crop production by 0.20 % per 100 hectares of agricultural land in total, and in the third group of the studied subjects (the share of eroded arable land in their total area is more than 50 %) – by 0.61 %, respectively. Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time, linear and nonlinear (quadratic) econometric models were developed, which made it possible to carry out quantitative assessment of the impact of the soil erosion and the financial support (production costs in crop industry) per hectare on the formation of the financial results (gross crop output and income) of business entities in Ukrainian agriculture. The provision on the economics of soil erosion was further developed in terms of expert assessment of losses from this type of degradation and confirmation of the effect of the economic law of diminishing returns, which should be taken into account when developing measures for sustainable land management. Practical value / implications. The main results of the study can be used for the development, substantiation and implementation of soil protection measures for the sustainable use of agricultural land and/or to informed decision-making at different levels of management concerning restoration of eroded land.

scholarly journals SURFACE MELT WATER RUNOFF ON THE ARABLE LANDS OF THE LOWER DON

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Sidarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Runoff Rate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Term Data

Purpose: to study the indicators of melt water runoff from arable land of various compaction and to assess its quantitative and qualitative characteristics based on long-term data. Materials and methods. Studies of the intensity of melt water runoff were carried out in the Azov zone of Rostov region in the period 1964–2018 by a number of researchers, including the author of the article. Results. The runoff indicators for a 55-year period are characterized by significant fluctuations. Analysis of long-term data revealed that the indicator of melt water runoff rate from loose arable land for the period 1964–2018 averaged 9.0 mm/year and on compacted arable land averaged 17.5 mm/year. On loose arable land, the maximum runoff rate for a 55-year period is 25.3 mm, on compacted arable land it is 47.3 mm. As a result of the analysis of the data, it was revealed that the average water reserve in snow on the surface of the fall-plowed land is 43.7 mm, and 48.7 mm on the winter wheat sowing. In general, for two agrophonies, the runoff indicator for the period 1964–2018 was most often characterized as weak and very weak only on loose arable land. Calculations of statistical indicators of runoff data revealed that they are not uniform, for example, the coefficient of runoff variation from loose arable land was 115.4 %, and from compacted arable land 70.4 %, with a coefficient of variation above 33 %, the aggregate is considered heterogeneous. Rostov region, having a large agricultural potential, is experiencing significant problems from the impact of negative natural processes, among which one of the first places belongs to erosion processes. Conclusions. In the course of generalization of long-term data on melt water runoff from arable land of varying degrees of compaction, indicators that made it possible to plot the flow availability curves were obtained. The use of the results obtained makes it possible to predict the occurrence of runoff of various intensities and thereby prevent its negative impact on agricultural land with the minimal material costs.

scholarly journals The Use of Multi-Criteria Analysis for Identifying Areas Sensitive to Land Degradation and water Retention

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-100
Author(s):  
Marek Bednář ◽  
Bořivoj Šarapatka
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Aggregation Index ◽  
Landscape Degradation ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Average Size

AbstractThe article presents a method of selecting critical areas (4th river basin) in terms of landscape degradation, with an emphasis on water retention, from a relatively larger unit (3rd river basin). For this purpose, indicators that point directly or indirectly to soil and landscape degradation or water retention were selected with regard to the scale of processing. The indicators were processed in a multi-criteria context using principal component analysis, which, based on the spatial layout pattern of the indicators, assigns weights of importance. These weights were then subsequently used to calculate the aggregation index, which indirectly indicates the sensitivity of the area to degradation and, in particular, water retention. Two catchment areas of the 3rd order – Čížina and Kyjovka – with different soil, climatic and economic conditions were selected for the study. Among the indicators of water retention in the landscape, our analysis included the share of agricultural land in the total area, the share of arable land, the average size of the field block, soil degradation according to the degradation model, runoff curve number, potential water erosion and surface drainage. The resulting procedure can be used to evaluate smaller areas. For a more detailed solution, a number of other methods and indicators could be used, which are also outlined in the article.

scholarly journals Possibilities of remote sensing data in the assessment of the thickness of the top layer of distributed soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-220
Author(s):  
Aleksey Chashchin ◽  
Vitaliy Gilev
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Projective Cover ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Fertile Soil

An important indicator of soil fertility is the thickness of the fertile layer, which is significantly reduced during anthropogenic impact and partially restored during reclamation. The data of remote sensing of the Earth (RS) allow to quickly evaluate the thickness of the fertile soil layer of disturbed areas. The purpose of the work is to study the possibility of using the vegetation index NDVI for remote assessment of the thickness of the fertile layer of technologically disturbed soils. The object of research is the soil cover of agricultural land represented on 26 land plots with a total area of 3 ha. According to satellite images, the initial state of the soil cover of the territory was uniform. The NDVI cartograms reflect the dynamics of projective cover by plants in space and time. According to NDVI, a significant change in the projective cover was established compared with the initial state of the territory. It was established that the thickness size of the applied fertile layer affects the rate of development of biomass of herbaceous plants. The closest reliable relationship between NDVI and the fertile soil layer is observed after the appearance of the first seedlings in the reclaimed territiry. The correlation coefficients of NDVI with the thickness of the fertile soil layer are 0.65 on average over the plots and 0.71 at specific points of measurement of the fertile layer.

Targeted erosion control measures: The backbone of soil-conserving cultivation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Ringler ◽  
Sarah Höfler ◽  
Felix Reebs ◽  
Clemens Gumpinger
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Protection Factor ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Erosion Modelling ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Factor C

<p>The intensification of agriculture over the last 50 years together with a constant change in climatic conditions has resulted not least in a deterioration of the aquatic habitat due to sediment input and siltation in the upper reaches of Bavarian streams. Concerned about this development, the  Fisheries Association Bavaria has launched a project to investigate the main causes of erosion on agricultural land.</p><p>By comparing aerial photographs from the 1960s with current orthophotos, by means of a detailed GIS-analysis, the size of agricultural plots in five representative catchment areas was first investigated. In a further step, erosion modelling based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was implemented in two catchment areas.</p><p>The intersection of the digitalized land uses from the two time steps showed that despite an almost constant proportion of arable land in the catchment area, the length of the fields had been increased by a third on average and their extent had at least doubled, due to wide-ranging changes in the landscape structure.</p><p>By considering the soil loss in the 1960s, that under today's conditions, and by modelling scenarios with conserving farming technics and further-reaching retention measures, conclusions can be drawn as to which measures will be necessary in the future to enable effective soil and water protection.</p><p>The erosion modelling showed that the average long-term soil loss - as a result of the USLE - currently exceeds a value of 40 t/ha*a under conventional farming in vast areas of the arable land. Likewise, even with conservation tillage (no-till), isolated erosion spots of more than 20 t/ha*a occur. Since a simple change to soil-conserving cultivation (reduction of the cultivation factor C) will not be sufficient to prevent future erosion events (increased precipitation erosivity R) and constant soil loss, targeted measures (improvement of the erosion protection factor P) against soil erosion must be implemented. This includes nature-based retention measures as wetlands, buffer strips or green waterways. All of which will also help to tackle the upcoming impacts of the Climate crisis. The chosen model supports the localization of the source of erosion as well as the selection and implementation of targeted measures.</p>

scholarly journals Which quality indicators reflect the most sensitive changes in the soil properties of the surface horizons affected by the erosion processes?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 116-124
Author(s):  
Petra Bíla ◽  
Bořivoj Šarapatka ◽  
Ondřej Horňák ◽  
Jaroslava Novotná ◽  
Martin Brtnický
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Physical Chemical

Soil erosion, especially water erosion, is one of the most widespread types of soil degradation, not only worldwide, but also within the Czech Republic, where it endangers more than a half of the agricultural land. In addition to farming, the landscape structure has a significant impact on soil erosion in the conditions under study, where, especially in the post-war period, the collectivisation of large-scale arable land was accompanied by the abolition of the associated landscape elements. The agricultural production area of South Moravia is one of the most endangered areas in the Czech Republic, therefore, it was selected for our research, whose main objective was to verify the sensitivity of the selected physical, chemical and biochemical characteristics to identify the changes in the soil properties in the erosion processes at the identified erosion areas. The testing was carried out within a period of 5 years in 60 locations with Chernozems with cultivated corn. To assess the quality of the soil properties, indicators of soil quality from the physical, chemical and biological – biochemical groups were selected. The results of the analyses and the subsequent statistical evaluation showed that the chemical characteristics, especially those related to the quantity and quality of the organic matter, were the most sensitive to the changes in the soil properties. From the biochemical indicators, some enzymes, particularly dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase, reacted sensitively. The physical characteristics were not significantly affected by the erosion processes.

scholarly journals ON THE QUESTION OF ANALYSIS OF LAND REPRODUCTION AS A FACTOR OF PRODUCTION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrij Stakhovych
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Natural Fertility

The article analyzes the state of land reproduction as a factor of production. The author describes the lands of agriculture in terms of the main means of production. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of fertility, which in the article is divided into natural, artificial, potential, efficient and economic. The author notes that nature itself forms the primary fertility of the land, which in the process of agricultural land use is reduced. The natural fertility of the land with its effective use makes it possible to organize the production of various products necessary for human life. Therefore, the expansion of agricultural land and a qualitative increase in their fertility are becoming an extremely important area of increasing the production of various types of agricultural products. It is also noted that along with soil fertility, it is necessary to assess the possibility of different land use. It is noted that in the last ten years there has been a steady trend of reduction of fallow lands with a slight decrease in agricultural land and almost unchanged area of arable land, we can say about the intensive use of land as a factor of production. One of the effective ways to increase fertility and as a consequence of improving the land as a factor of production is the introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers. Analysis of the dynamics of fertilizer application by agricultural enterprises over the past two decades shows a tendency to increase their volume as a whole and per 1 hectare. In general, the process of land reclamation as a factor of production is to develop measures to reduce soil acidity and salinity, land reclamation, application of organic and mineral fertilizers. The need for constant care to increase land fertility and its rational use is caused by the limited cultivated area of agricultural land used for agricultural production and to meet the growing needs of the population in food. As a result of the article, the author noted that the output per unit of arable land and agricultural land in recent years is growing. At the same time, land potential is declining. To this end, measures are needed to preserve land resources in agricultural production, prevent the redevelopment of agricultural land, increase the efficiency of their use, taking into account the prospect of their demand in the short and medium term.

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