scholarly journals SUI GENERIS DALAM PENGGUNAAN GEO STATIONARY ORBIT BERDASARKAN PRINSIP DAN HUKUM RUANG ANGKASA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-178
Author(s):  
Dwi Putri Sartika Alamsyah ◽  
Slamet Suhartono ◽  
Krisnadi Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Space Law ◽  
Legal Regimes ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to produce a review related to the exertion of Sui generis Regime in the utilization of Geo Stationary Orbit based on the principles of space law which are examined by comparison of laws and needs between developed and developing countries. This provision was made to provide legal substance related to technical matters and exertion related to the exploration of existing territories in space encompassing the Geo Stationary Orbit slot, and spacecraft  skimming. Developing countries strive to be determined "distinctive legal regime" (Sui Generis Regime) against the Geo Stationary Orbit (GSO) which is a specialty or specificity of existing international legal regimes or has previously been regulated in order not to become a stand-alone law. Research used a normative research using Normative Juridical methods namely by conducting an assessment related to legal aspects or the existence of regulations regarding space surrounding the responsibility of the problem. This is done to obtain data and to be able to analyze the sui generis regime on the exertion of geostationary orbits by Indonesia. The research is more concern related reviews special legal regime on the use of orbital slots which will experience challenges both in juridical and non-juridical terms, with the relationship between international law, this happened because there was no principium load, canon rule, and technical mechanism towards the 1967 space rules amendment. The uncertainty of these rules, especially in the utilization of Geo Stationary Orbit is used as a guideline for the need for the Sui Generis Regime as a regulation for the utilization of GSO which is inseparable from the principiums of space law. This is strengthened to provide benefits in terms of juridical and non-juridical aspects in the use of Geo Stationary Orbit. And aims to use space fairly and toward the interest of every humanity now or future.Keyword: geo stationary orbit; sui generis regime; the principle of spaceAbstrakTujuan [enelitian yaitu untuk menghasilkan ulasan terkait penggunaan Sui generis Regime dalam penggunaan Geo Stationary Orbit berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip hukum ruang angkasa yang dikaji dengan perbandingan hukum dan kebutuhan antara negara maju dengan negara berkembang. Ketentuan ini dibuat untuk memberikan subtansi hukum terkait hal-hal teknis dan penggunaan terkait ekplorasi wilayah yang ada di antariksa melingkupi slot Geo Stationary Orbit, serta peluncuran wahana antariksa. Negara-negara berkembang lebih mengupayakan agar dapat ditetapkannya “suatu rezim hukum khusus” (Sui Generis Regime) terhadap Geo Stationary Orbit (GSO) yang merupakan spesialisasi atau kekhususan dari rezim hukum internasional yang telah ada atau telah mengatur sebelumnya agar tidak menjadi hukum yang berdiri sendiri. Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian normatif dengan menggunakan metode Yuridis Normatif yaitu dengan melakukan pengkajian terkait aspek hukum atau adanya regulasi tentang ruang angkasa melingkupi tanggung jawab permasalahan. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data dan agar dapat melakukan analisa sui generis regime terhadap pemanfaatan orbit geostationer oleh Indonesia. Penelitian lebih membahas ulasan terkait rezim hukum khusus berkaitan pemanfaatan  pada slot orbit akan mengalami tantangan baik dalam segi yuridis maupun non yuridis, dengan keterkaitan antara hukum internasional, hal ini terjadi karena tidak adanya muatan prinsip, aturan norma dan mekanisme teknis pada amandemen aturan luar angkasa 1967. Tidak tegasnya aturan tersebut terutama dalam penggunaan Geo Stationary Orbit dijadikan sebagai pedoman untuk perlunya Sui Generis Regime sebagai aturan penggunaan GSO yang tidak lepas dari prinsip-prinsip hukum ruang angkasa. Hal ini dikuatkan untuk memberikan keuntungan dari segi yuridis dan dari segi non yuridis dalam penggunaan Geo Stationary Orbit. Serta bertujuan untuk pemanfaatan ruang angkasa yang adil dan untuk kepentingan seluruh umat manusia sekarang ataupun masa yang akan datang.Kata kunci: geo stationary orbit; prinsip ruang angkasa; sui generis regime

Separatism in the Comoros: Some Legal Aspects

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gino J. Naldi
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Small Island ◽  
African Unity ◽  
Island State ◽  
Organization Of African Unity ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Small Island State ◽  
The Relationship

Since its founding in 1963, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) has placed special emphasis on the preservation of the territorial integrity of African states. It has actively contributed to the development of relevant rules of international law, such as that of uti possidetis. Its opposition to the fragmentation of states has been absolute. However, the small island state of Comoros has challenged this state of affairs. The seemingly successful secession of ‘Anjouan’ has threatened the cherished principles of the OAU. This article critically analyzes the relationship between the principles at the heart of the dispute, those of self-determination and uti possidetis, and concludes that there is no legal proscription on the secession of ‘Anjouan’.

scholarly journals The Relationships of Bill of Lading, Charterparty and Other Transport Documents

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Evi Plomaritou ◽  
Yiannis Voudouris
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Bill Of Lading ◽  
Legal Contract ◽  
The Relationship

The bill of lading plays a vital role in international trade. In addition, the charterparty is a legal contract of employing a vessel between the shipowner and the charterer. In shipping matters, charterparty and bill of lading are highly important documents since they allocate risks, obligations, rights, earnings, costs and profits between the contracted parties, namely the shipowner (or carrier) and the charterer (or shipper). Therefore, this paper constitutes an overview of the commercial and legal aspects ensued from the relationship between the bill of lading, the charterparty and other documents such as booking note, cargo manifest, mate’s receipt, delivery order etc. Furthermore, this paper examines the life cycle of bill of lading and charterparty in the bulk and liner markets and how this will be affected by the digitalisation in shipping. The analysis is based on the shipping practices followed in accordance with the legal regime of bill of lading and charterparty.

scholarly journals PEMBENTUKAN KERANGKA HUKUM INTERNASIONAL BAGI PENCEGAHAN PERDAGANGAN KAYU ILEGAL

Yuridika ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aktieva Tri Tjitrawati
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
International Law ◽  
State Government ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
International Trade Law ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Relationship

The implementation of international trade in the forest products that related with sustainable production and consumption cycle process include the legal regime of international trade in natural resources, the State Government exporters and importers, as well as markets in importing countries. International trade law regime is still have a weak role in preventing the illegal logging trade, hence it is required a International Law drafting concepts which can avoid illegal actions by obligating the exporters or the exporter countries with certain obligations. These efforts require a reconceptualization the relationship between trade and environment, which until now are often placed in the same dichotomy.Key Word: Legal Frame, Prevention, Illegal Logging.

Reactions to Non-Performance of Treaties in International Law

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
SERENA FORLATI
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Limited Role ◽  
International Responsibility ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIdentifying the range of lawful reactions to non-performance of treaties is still problematic, as shown by the case concerning the Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (FYROM/Greece). After reviewing the current understanding of the relationship between the law of treaties and the law of international responsibility, the author analyses the legal regime pertaining to suspension and termination of treaties on grounds of breach, on the one hand, and, on the other, to countermeasures, arguing that the exceptio inadimpleti contractus may still play an independent, albeit limited, role as a reaction to lawful non-performance of international treaties.

scholarly journals Accountability of transnational corporations in the developing world

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Omoteso ◽  
Hakeem Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Law ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Transnational Corporations ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Legal Fiction ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Legal Mechanism

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contend that the dominant voluntarism approach to the accountability of transnational corporations (TNCs) is inadequate and not fit-for-purpose. The authors argue for the establishment of an international legal mechanism for securing the accountability of TNCs, particularly in the context of developing countries with notoriously weak governance mechanisms to protect all relevant stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts insights from the fields of management and international law to draw out synergies from particular understandings of corporate governance, corporate social responsibility and international human rights. The challenges to governance in developing countries with regard to securing the accountability of TNCs are illustrated with the Nigerian experience of oil-industry legislation reform. Findings The specific context of the experiences of developing countries in Africa on the operations of TNCs particularly commends the need and expedience to create an international legal regime for ensuring the accountability of TNCs. Originality/value Mainstream research in this area has focused mainly on self and voluntary models of regulation and accountability that have privileged the legal fiction of the corporate status of TNCs. This paper departs from that model to argue for an enforceable model of TNC’s accountability – based on an international mechanism.

scholarly journals Geospatial Sciences and Space Law: Legal Aspects of Earth Observation, Remote Sensing and Geoscientific Ground Investigations in Africa

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gbenga Oduntan
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Archaeological Prospection ◽  
African Heritage ◽  
Ground Investigation ◽  
Space Law ◽  
Space Sciences ◽  
International Boundaries

Geospatial sciences play crucial roles in and have effects on the socioeconomic, political and security fortunes of states. Earth observation, remote sensing and geoscientific ground investigation increasingly occupy vantage positions in the legal order of states, particularly in evidential terms and in the verification of facts under international law. How then do these aspects of space law and space sciences affect contemporary Africa and the commercial fortunes, as well as international relations among some African states? What impact do they have in relation to: (a) international boundaries disputes and demarcation activities; (b) management and the preservation of the African heritage; (c) disaster and conservation management? The paper will test the hypothesis that it is crucial for the development of the continent especially in the areas mentioned above that states should sustain and increase investment in the following areas: archaeological prospection, condition assessment of heritage assets; Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis of spatial settlement patterns in modern landscapes and assessment of natural or human-induced threats to conservation.

The absence of choice of law in commercial contracts: problems and solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-519
Author(s):  
Reza Beheshti
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regime ◽  
Commercial Arbitration ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Choice Of Law ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Arbitration Clause ◽  
Legal Regimes ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In a commercial contract with an arbitration clause, the parties may fail to determine any applicable law, in which case the arbitral tribunal is expected to identify the rules applicable to the merits of the dispute. A modern approach suggests that localizing legal issues originated from an international contract is inappropriate and that the tribunal should conduct an assessment to identify international or non-national rules or practices appropriate to the issues at hand. This approach, which grants the tribunal maximum freedom in choosing the applicable law with no reference to any choice-of-law rules, is adopted in a few institutional rules such as the Article 21(1) of the ICC Rules. This article seeks to introduce an evaluative framework informing the tribunal’s methodical task in identifying the most suitable legal regimes. The evaluative framework seeks to assess the relationship of legal doctrines to commercial considerations and expectations regarded by businesses. A significant issue that befalls the arbitrators is that of pleading, proving, and measuring monetary damages. Yet, damages have remained an issue that is inaccurately dealt with by arbitral tribunals. This article aims to examine the principles governing damages available to an innocent commercial party under significant legal regimes widely applied in international commercial arbitration in an attempt to offer guidance on which legal regime has provided the most appropriate set of principles reflecting the essential needs and interests of commercial parties.

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