The Influence of New Agricultural Business Entities on Farmers’ Employment Decision

The purpose of this article is to explore the influence of new agricultural business entities on farmers’ employment decision and provide reference for improving policies related to new agricultural business entities and farmers’ employment. This paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework of “new agricultural business entities—land transfer and purchase of agricultural socialized services—farmers’ employment decision”, and then empirically tests the impact of new agricultural business entities on farmers’ employment decision by combining the analysis methods of the benchmark regression, propensity score matching and mediation effects. The research shows that: (1) New agricultural business entities are beneficial for promoting farmers’ employment decision. (2) Renting out land and the purchase of agricultural socialized services have a positive and partially mediating effect between the new agricultural business entities and farmers’ employment decision, and the mediating effects of the two paths account for 7.12% and 6.25% of the total effects, respectively. (3) In addition to key variables, personal characteristics of decision-making, family characteristics and production and management characteristics are also key factors that affect farmers’ employment decision. (4) The new agricultural business entities increase the probability of farmers’ employment (with legal contract) and entrepreneurship, and reduce the idle labor force in rural areas. Finally, this study proposes some policy recommendations including establishing a perfect farmland transfer market, developing rural industry properly and improving agricultural socialized service systems.

The Legality of Smart Contracts in a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO)

This chapter discuss the legality of smart contract in a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO). The regulation framework of blockchain is developing rapidly with many countries such as Malta and Estonia utilizing and allowing the use of blockchain. While many researchers have discussed the legality of smart contract, its relation to DAO as one of blockchain's applications is rarely discussed. There are three issues discussed in this chapter: the definition of DAO, the definition of smart contract, and the legality of smart contract in DAO. Each country has their own legal threshold of a contract's legality, but there are generally five elements in a legal contract, namely offer and acceptance, consideration, intention, certainty, and completeness. It is possible for the smart contract to fulfil the five legal elements of a contract. As there are different regulations in different countries, there may have been different elements to the law. In conclusion, the legality of smart contracts, like blockchain itself, depends on who uses it, where it is used, and how it is used.

The Social System of the Family in the Islamic Educational Perspective: Comparative Study: النظام الاجتماعي للأسرة في المنظور التربوي الإسلامي: دراسة مقارنة

The study aimed to reveal the social system of the family, In the Islamic educational perspective, and the researcher used the analytical inductive approach, in his study of texts and opinions, and the deductive approach to extract the concepts and principles of the family's social system, and it consisted of the following investigations: The first topic: the family, its concept and its position, and the second topic addressed: principles The social system of the family related to the marital relationship is a comparative study with the structural functional, and as for the third topic: the principles of the social system of the family in the relationship of fathers with children, the study reached several results, the most important of which are: that the family idiomatically: the social entity consisting of a man and a woman linked by the marital bond, according to The law of God Almighty, and what results from this bond of children, is governed by the approach of Islam, and that the principle of marriage in the relationship is based on the difference of sex, a man and a woman are bound by a legal contract, and in accordance with the human instinct that God Almighty created, and one of the most important recommendations of the study: Explain what is involved He must bear international conventions and conferences about the dangers of violating the Islamic curriculum, with regard to the family, through specialized research studies.

Latviešu literārā biedrība un skolotāja Pētera Zēvalda savāktais jaunvārdu un mazāk zināmo vārdu krājums (1874)

This research is a part of the analysis of the collection of articles of the Latvian Literary Society (Lettisch-literärische Gesellschaft) Magazin, herausgegeben von der Lettisch-Literärischen Gesellschaft (so-called “Magazin”) with special emphasis to the materials important in the history of Latvian language, especially, of the development of terminology in Latvian. This paper deals with the almost forgotten author Pēteris Zēvalds (Peter Seewald) (ca. 1838/1839–1910), a schoolteacher in Jelgava (Mitau) and active contributor of “Magazin” from 1865 to 1877. In 12 sequels (published in eight issues of “Magazin”), he collected 2198 words and expressions from his native place, now Birzgale parish, originally, from the private manor in Linde parish (aus Privatgut Lindenschen Gemeinde in Kurland)). This paper provides a more detailed analysis of two other word collections (both published in 1874 in issue 3 of XV volume of “Magazin”) of Zēvalds. They contained current lexis, including a lot of new terms. The first one is created as a successive excerpt of neologisms and lesser-known words (in Latvian-German comparison) from the weekly newspaper “Baltijas Vēstnesis” (using numbers 44th, 48th, 49th un 51st from 1872 and successive first 49 from 1873, excl. number 9th). There are 467 numbered entries or 495 words in total. Most of the words in Zēvalds’s collection are related to terminological lexis. They can be divided into four groups (indicating the serial number used in the original): (1) terms currently used in the same form or with minor changes of ending (7. greizsirdība, 29. pilnvare, 41. māksla, 33. cēlons, 69. veicināšana, 88. pirmvaloda, 237. izvilktne (= atvilktne), 275. viels); (2) terms which have a different correspondence in modern Latvian (32. valodas=iztirzāšana (= valodniecība), Sprachforschung; 49. lietuve (= lejkanna), Gieskanne; 54. rakstiens (=raksts, dokuments), Schriftstück; 183. atvēles=zīme (= atļauja), Erlaubnißschein; 187. jūras=pāržmauga (= jūrasšaurums), Meerenge); (3) words, that could still be considered as potential terms (11. tiesas=laulība, Zivilehe; 37. sauljumte, Sonnenschirm) and (4) those, which, from the moment of fixation, can be considered occasional words (43. spīdgans, Sternschnuppen, Meteor; 387. muldu=valsts, Reich der Träume; 409. tulpete (= runas=vieta), Katheder, Rednerbühne). Zēvalds’s collection is a unique material that allows identifying the perception of the interested reader about the lexical neologisms in one newspaper. Zēvalds’s second collection of words contains the technical expressions from legal country house purchase agreements. There are 83 numbered entries (in German-Latvian comparison) from the legal contract written in German with a lot of additional conditions and long pay-outs delay. This list (at least the part containing legal terms and terminological word-groups) can be regarded as the first term bulletin in Latvian. The possible addressee of this term list is the parish pastors to whom farmers sought advice on such matters. Publications of the teacher Pēteris Zēvalds is a small but interesting episode in the history of the Latvian language, which has not earned attention so far but provides researchers with interesting material about the lexical development in the 70s of XIX century.

Exploring E-Commerce and Corporate Social Responsibility from the Sharia Point of View

This study discusses what is, and what is not a valid and legal contract in Sharia, considering certain stipulated requirements for the acceptability of a contract. It then considers the legality of e-commerce, whether it complies with those stipulated requirements. Business under Islam primarily fulfils a collective religious obligation and fulfil an enlarged scope of responsibilities. In this context, the protection of the e-consumers, the status of an e-commerce transaction and responsible e-commerce are discussed to expose to those who are wondering whether e-commerce is admissible from the Sharia point of view. So that they could benefit from e-commerce if it is proved as an admitted fact in Islam. The final section concludes with a plea for good judgment toward corporate social responsibility practice and avoiding prohibited materials in e-commerce.

Evidently Married: Changing Ambiguities in Creating Family Ties in Morocco

What does it take for a couple to stand out as married to others? In Morocco, an ideal scenario to marry today involves families celebrating three stages: an engagement, a legal contract, and a wedding. Yet, as I will show, couples may also turn out to be married without such ceremonies. Other elements can make for evident marriages. Still, legal recognition has, over the past decades, become increasingly essential within people’s own creations of conjugal bonds. Moreover, family and penal code revisions, together with the civil registry’s expansion, have profoundly changed proceedings and possibilities to legally marry. These processes defy simple binaries of legal versus licit domains. Legal and licit understandings of marriage interlace both in people’s own evaluations and in state officials’ approaches. However, as I will argue, increased emphasis on legal registration also heightens state control over family ties and reduces people’s opportunities to leave marital definitions open-ended as this suits them over time.

TANTANGAN DAN HAMBATAN HUBUNGAN KONTRAKTUAL ANTARA PERUSAHAAN KAWASAN INDUSTRI DAN PERUSAHAAN INDUSTRI (Studi Kasus Perjanjian antara PT JIEP dengan PT Yamaha Indonesia)

<p>Abstract<br />This article aims to know the contractual relationship between PT JIEP and PT Yamaha Indonesia in the perspective of the Book of Private Law Regulation and Government Regulation Number 142 of 2015 concerning Industrial Estates and challenges and obstacles faced by PT JIEP in carrying out contractual relationships. This research is a descriptive empirical law research. The research location is at PT JIEP. The research types and source of data include primary and secondary data. Methods for data collection are through depth interview and literature study. The technique analysis data is qualitative with interactive model analysis. The results of this research shows that the Challenges and obstacles faced by PT JIEP in conducting contractual relations is: (a) lack of the active role for PT JIEP in Industrial Relations Disputes; and (b) there is no clear action written in the agreement if there is delay in lease payment and deposit.<br />Keywords: Legal Contract; Industrial Area; Industrial Relation Dispute.</p><p>Abstrak<br />Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kontraktual antara PT JIEP dan PT Yamaha Indonesia ditinjau dalam perspektif KUHPerdata dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 142 Tahun 2015 tentang Kawasan Industri dan tantangan dan hambatan yang dihadapi oleh PT JIEP dalam menjalankan hubungan kontraktual. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum empiris yang bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di PT. Jakarta Industrial Estate Pulogadung. Jenis dan sumber data penelitian ini meliputi data primer dan data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui studi lapangan dan studi kepustakaan. Teknik analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan model analisis interaktif. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan Tantangan dan hambatan yang dihadapi oleh PT JIEP dalam melakukan hubungan kontraktual adalah: (a) kurangnya peran PT JIEP secara aktif dalam Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial; dan (b) tidak adanya tindakan yang jelas yang tertulis dalam perjanjian apabila terdapat keterlambatan pembayaran sewa dan deposit.<br />Kata Kunci: Kontrak; Kawasan Industri; Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial.</p>