scholarly journals Comparison of floor bacterial load in different types of rabbit cages

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1226-1229
Author(s):  
D. Divyalakshmi ◽  
N. Kumaravelu ◽  
Thanga. Thamil Vanan ◽  
P. Tensingh Gnanaraj
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sterile Normal Saline

Rabbits are housed on various types of cages including single tier, multi- tier cages etc. The effect of housing system on the floor bacterial load is variable, and its effect on animal production is limited. An attempt has been made to evaluate and compare the floor bacterial load between single-tier and multi-tier caging system in rabbitary. The study was carried out in rabbitary which housed broiler rabbits. The samples were taken in sterile cotton tipped swabs. The floor bacterial load was determined by dilution method where serial dilutions were done with sterile normal saline. An aliquot of 1 ml was taken from dilution and poured in sterile petri plates in triplicate and mixed with liquefied sterilized plate count agar. Following incubation, the bacterial colonies were counted. The bacterial load in the single-tier was comparatively lower than the multi-tier cage even before washing of cages. There was significant difference (P<0.01) in the floor bacterial load before (1.73x1012±0.30) and after water wash (1.35x1011±0.29) and between single (1.50x109±0.30) and multi-tier cages (1.35x1011±0.29). The bacteria up to genes level found using Hi-Media bacterial kit were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Flavobacterium sp, Micrococcus sp, Proteus sp, Mannheimia sp, Klebsiella sp, Bordetella sp, Bacillus sp, Actinomyces sp, Cornybacterium sp and Pseudomonas sp. This study concluded that reduced bacterial load found in single tier may be due to good aeration and better handling facilities.  In single tier cage the dung and urine gets settled at the floor which facilities easy washing which slows down the bacterial growth.

Microbiological Evaluation of Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) Processing

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN C. RIDLEY ◽  
BOHDAN M. SLABY J
Keyword(s):  
Salt Water ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Water Medium ◽  
Pandalus Borealis ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Cooking Process ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count

Line samples from three different shrimp processing plants (brine-cooked shell-on, hand-peeled raw, and machine-peeled cooked) in Maine were examined for microbiological quality. Aerobic plate count (APC) of freshly caught shrimp (Pandalus borealis) was found to be about 530/g (Plate Count Agar at 35 C) while salt-requiring (SR) organisms were at significantly higher concentration (1.11 ×105/g; Salt Water Medium at 21 C). Some increase in psychrotrophic-mesophilic flora of shrimp delivered to the plant was observed. Cooking in-plant or on board the boat drastically reduced the SR flora, which was subsequently observed to increase after culling and inspection in the brine-cooked shell-on process. No such significant fluctuation due to processing was detected in APC. Shrimp sampled from steel barrels before a hand-peeled raw operation exhibited relatively high APC (7.2 × 104/g) and SR microflora (2.78 × 106/g). Heading and hand-peeling reduced the APC and SR bacterial loads by 71 and 95%, respectively. Subsequent processing and holding at room temperature resulted in a product with an APC and SR load of about 4 × 104/g. Similarly, high APC (1.66 × 105/g) and SR bacterial loads (1.84 × 105/g) were detected in samples obtained from a storage hopper of the machine-peeled cooking process. Although significant reduction in bacterial load was detected on line samples of this process (fluming, preheating, and cooking), the total bacterial load reached about 4 × 104/g before the canning step. Low levels of contamination with coliform and/or coagulase-positive staphylococci were detected in the three processes studied.

Microbiological, Sensory, and Electronic Nose Evaluation of Yellowfin Tuna under Various Storage Conditions†

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 2027-2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
WEN-XIAN DU ◽  
JEONGMOK KIM ◽  
JOHN A. CORNELL ◽  
TUNG-SHI HUANG ◽  
MAURICE R. MARSHALL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Yellowfin Tuna ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Sensory Panel ◽  
Objective Indicator ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Bacterial Enumeration

Microbiological assessment, sensory evaluation, and electronic nose (AromaScan) analysis were performed on yellowfin tuna stored at 0, 4, 10, and 22°C for 0, 1, 3, 5, and 9 days. Fish color, texture, appearance, and odor were evaluated by a trained sensory panel, while aroma-odor properties were evaluated using an AromaScan. Bacterial enumeration was performed using plate count agar containing 1.5% NaCl. Tuna fillets stored at 22°C for 3 days or longer had a bacterial load of over 107 CFU/g and were rated not acceptable for consumption (grade C) by the sensory panel. Tuna fillets stored at 4°C for 9 days or 10°C for over 5 days were rated as grade C products and also had a bacterial load of over 107 CFU/g. The change in fish quality as determined by AromaScan followed increases in microbiological counts in tuna fillets, indicating that bacterial load can serve as a useful and objective indicator of gross spoilage. Electronic nose devices can be used in conjunction with microbial counts and sensory panels to evaluate the degree of decomposition in tuna during storage.

Fungi in Foods

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 466-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. KOBURGER ◽  
B. Y. FARHAT
Keyword(s):  
Plate Count ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Yeasts And Molds

Five media, with added antibiotics, were compared for their ability to recover yeasts and molds from 31 foods. Overall, no significant difference in recovery was found among Mycophil, Plate Count, Malt, or Potato dextrose agars but all were superior to Sugar Free agar. On the basis of recovery of organisms, availability, ease of management, and cost, Plate Count agar with antibiotics is recommended for routine enumeration of yeasts and molds in foods.

scholarly journals In vitro Interaction between Fumonisin B1 and the Intestinal Microflora of Pigs

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huu Anh Dang ◽  
Attila Zsolnai ◽  
Melinda Kovacs ◽  
István Bors ◽  
András Bónai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
In Vitro Interaction

The caecal chyme of pigs was incubated anaerobically in McDougall buffer with and without fumonisin B1 (5 µg/ml) for 0, 24 and 48 h. The plate count agar technique was applied for the enumerating amount of bacteria including aerobic, anaerobic bacteria, coliform, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus sp. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction was also performed to estimate the number of copies of the total bacteria, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Prevotella. No significant differences in the amount of bacteria groups between the experimental (buffer, chyme, and fumonisin B1) and control 1 groups (buffer + chyme) were observed in both methods. Fumonisin B1 and hydrolysed fumonisin B1 concentration were analysed by liquid chromatograghy – mass spectrometry. There was no significant difference in FB1 concentration between the experimental and the control 2 group (buffer and fumonisin B1) at 0 h incubation, 5.185 ±0.174 µg/ml compared with 6.433 ±0.076 µg/ml. Fumonisin B1 concentration in the experimental group was reduced to 4.080 ±0.065 µg/ml at 24 h and to 2.747 ±0.548 µg/ml at 48 h incubation and was significantly less than that of in the control group. Hydrolysed fumonisin B1 was detected after 24 h incubation (0.012 ±0 µg/ml). At 48 h incubation time, hydrolysed fumonisin B1 concentration was doubled to 0.024 ±0.004 µg/ml. These results indicate that fumonisin B1 can be metabolised by caecal microbiota in pigs though the number of studied bacteria did not change.

scholarly journals Sensitivity and Specificity of the Sanita-kun Aerobic Count: Internal Validation and Independent Laboratory Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Morita ◽  
Masashi Ushiyama ◽  
Shigeyuki Aoyama ◽  
Mihoko Iwasaki
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Nonwoven Fabric ◽  
Independent Study ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Internal Validation ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Water Soluble Compound ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract The Sanita-kun Aerobic Count consists of a transparent cover film, an adhesive sheet, a layer of nonwoven fabric, and a water-soluble compound film, including a culture medium formula for detection of aerobic microorganisms. The Sanita-kun sheet was validated for 14 food categories in an internal study and an independent study was conducted on ground beef and hot dogs. Both studies showed no significant difference in performance between 5 or 8 replicates of the Sanita-kun sheets and AOAC Method 966.23, excluding some lots of foods. The correlation coefficient to plate count agar in the internal accuracy study was 0.99. The average relative standard deviation for repeatability of total foods was 0.26 and 0.19, respectively, excluding &lt;10 average counts. The ruggedness study, which examined the influence of incubation temperature and period, recommended incubation of the Sanita-kun sheet at 32.5 ± 2.5°C for 46 ± 2 h. Comparison of 3 lots of Sanita-kun sheets showed no decrease of performance in the older lot. The shelf-life of the sheet is at least 14 months. The Sanita-kun Aerobic Counts has been granted AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM status.

scholarly journals Bacterial Assessment of Ready to Eat Sweet (Burfi) Sold in Different Sweet Houses in Narayangadh, Chitwan: A Pilot Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
H. B. Basnet ◽  
M. Deubanjar
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Food Microbiology ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count

As a sweet product, burfi is highly esteemed by Nepalese consumer and kept in high priority from the time immemorial. However, the milk and milk products borne outbreaks account for 2 to 6 % of bacterial foodborne outbreaks in several countries. Hence, with an objective to determine the bacterial load of the commercial sweet (burfi) sold in Bharatpur metropolitan city 1, Narayangadh, Chitwan, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Ten sample of ready to eat sweet (Burfi) along with the packaging material were collected purposively from different sweet shops of Bharatpur metropolitan on January 2019. The preparation of samples was done as per Food Microbiology Protocols (2001) and the aerobic colony count (ACC) was determined by spread plate technique using plate count agar. It was found that the aerobic plate count of burfi sample ranges from 9.1×109 to 1.5×1010 CFU/g with an average of 1.2×1010 CFU/g, which is higher than the permissible Standard Plate Count according to Indian Standards Institution (ISI) specification. In conclusion, the high bacterial count in Burfi samples from different sweet shops indicates insufficient hygienic condition duration handling and unhygienic conditions of storage. This may give rise to public health hazard.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the microbiological quality of cattle carcasses in some slaughterhouses at Benin, West Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 228 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ahouandjnou ◽  
F. Baba-Moussa ◽  
J. Bonou ◽  
V. Dougnon ◽  
Z. Adéoti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Qualitative Detection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count

<p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Background: </span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">Slaughterhouse is one of the major critical points in meat hygiene with slaughtering being the stage of occurrence of most contamination risks.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Methods: </span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">This study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of cattle carcasses in the slaughterhouses of Cotonou/Porto-Novo. Samples were collected by excision from four parts on each carcass (neck, shoulder, flank and thigh). A total of eighty (80) samples from twenty (20) carcasses were analysed. Bacteriological analysis was achieved according to APC. ISO 4833: 2003; ISO 21528-2 and ISO 6579: 2002 norms, respectively for evaluate the aerobic plate count, enteric bacteria count, and qualitative detection of <em>Salmonella</em>. </span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Results: </span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">Results varied according to carcass parts, with no significant difference between the bacterial loads of these parts regarding the APC. However, a significant difference was observed between the load in enteric bacteria between the neck and the thigh. With respect to EC regulations (N° 2073/2005), the thigh is the most contaminated part with 100% unsatisfactory results for APC, as well as, enteric bacteria count together with high contamination by <em>Salmonella</em> (detected in 75% of thigh samples). Then following the shoulder, showing 100% unsatisfactory results for APC and enteric bacterial load with presence of <em>Salmonella</em> in 55% of samples.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Conclusions: </span></strong><span lang="EN-GB">Although being the most contaminated </span>site<span lang="EN-GB">, the inner part of the thigh had the lowest contamination level with respect to APC.</span></p>

scholarly journals Shelf life of antibiotic treated rohu fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) under ice storage condition

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-390
Author(s):  
SA Haque ◽  
MS Reza ◽  
JN Akhter ◽  
MK Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Labeo Rohita ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Storage Condition ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ice Storage ◽  
Fish Diet ◽  
Significant Difference

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of antibiotic on shelf life in rohu fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) under ice storage condition. Oxytetracycline (OTC), the most widely used antibiotic, was fed to rohu (average body weight 16.0 g) at the rate of 2 g/kg through fish diet for 5 days and their shelf life was determined in iced condition. Organoleptically, fish were found to be acceptable up to 16 days before becoming inedible compared to 15 days for control fish which received pelleted diet with no antibiotic under the same condition. Initial moisture, ash, protein, lipid, NPN and TVB-N values were 70.42±1.91%, 2.80±0.10%, 17.90±0.50%, 3.12±0.04%, 0.0086±0.01% and 17.43±0.60 mg/100g respectively in the control which reached at values of 78.45±1.50%, 3.84±0.10%, 13.47±1.00%, 2.80±0.08%, 0.0053±0.001%, 26.17±0.76 mg/100g, respectively after 16 days of ice storage. There was no significant difference for these values compared to control group. In case of total bacterial load, values of aerobic plate count (APC) was 2.0±0.1×103 during the start of ice storage condition which increased significantly to 5.6±0.38×107, exceeding the acceptable limit for ice stored fish. The APC values also did not show any significant variation compared to control fish, suggesting that the use of antibiotic in fish diet had little or no effect on shelf life of rohu fish during ice storage condition. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v11i2.19946 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 11(2): 385-390, 2013

Comparison of β-Glucuronidase and Indole-Based Direct Plating Methods for Enumerating Escherichia coli in Artificially Inoculated Ground Meats

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 933-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELON W. FRAMPTON ◽  
LAWRENCE RESTAINO ◽  
NANCY BLASZKO
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Glucuronidase Activity ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Indole Production

Peptone tergitol glucuronide (PTG) agar containing 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D glucuronide (MUG) (for β-glucuronidase activity), the Holbrook, Anderson, Baird-Parker (HABP) method (for detecting indole production), and the standard 3-tube most probable number (MPN) method were compared with plate count agar (PCA) for enumerating three strains of unstressed Escherichia coli artificially inoculated into ground beef and chicken at 1–6 × 106 cells/g. No significant difference (P&gt;0.05) was determined between PTG agar and PCA in the recovery of E. coli. The MPN method enumerated a significantly greater (P&lt;0.05) number of E. coli cells than PCA. Compared with PCA, the HABP method recovered a significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) number of E. coli cells from chicken, whereas no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) was obtained with ground beef. When combining all data from chicken and beef, the recovery of E. coli cells by the HABP method was also significantly lower (P&lt;0.05). Overall, based on the enumeration of E. coli on PCA, the HABP method, PTG agar, and MPN method recovered 57, 102, and 144%, respectively.

scholarly journals Unorthodox ophthalmic preparations on the Ghanaian market: a potential risk for ocular and enteric infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 515-523
Author(s):  
Samuel Kyei ◽  
Eric Dogbadze ◽  
Selassie Tagoh ◽  
Estele Mwanza
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Corneal Ulcers ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Purpose: Microbial contamination of orthodox ophthalmic preparations poses a serious threat to the user by causing ocular infections. There is no such information about unorthodox ophthalmic preparations in a medical pluralistic system such as Ghana. The aim of this study was to assess unorthodox ophthalmic medications on the Ghanaian market for possible microbial contaminations. Methods: Unorthodox ophthalmic preparations were collected across different herbal and homeopathic outlets in Ghana. A total of 27 samples were collected from the ten (10) regions in Ghana. The samples were inoculated in different culture media (Plate count Agar, Blood Agar, MacConkey Agar, Saboraud Dextrose Agar). The microorganisms isolated were identified using standard microbiological procedures and antimicrobial susceptibility was done to determine whether they were resistant or sus- ceptible strains. Results: All the samples were contaminated with bacteria and the majority were contaminated with fungus. A total of for- ty-eight bacteria spp. was isolated thus seven different types namely: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacilli spp., Serrati spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp. and Shigella spp. with Staphylococcus aureus being the predominant bacteria. For fungi, a total of elev- en fungi species thus four different types namely: Cephalosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Cercosporium spp. and Clasdosporium spp. with the predominant fungi being Penicillium spp. Per the class of preparations, 15 contaminants were isolated from ten (10) anti-in- flammatory preparations. The fungi were all susceptible to both Ketoconazole and Fluconazole but the bacteria were resistant to all the conventional antibiotics except Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin. Conclusion: Unorthodox ophthalmic preparations found on the Ghanaian market are contaminated with bacteria and fungi of clinical importance. Keywords: Risk of infections; unorthodox medicine; ocular infection; corneal ulcers; fungal keratitis. 

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