Resistance of low-carbon nitrogen-bearing stainless steel to hydrogen embrittlement and slow failure

X4CrNiMo 16.5.1 steel (commercial name APX4) is a low carbon martensitic stainless steel known for its remarkable mechanical characteristics and its good resistance to corrosion. The use of APX4 in the manufacture of high pressure gas vessels requires a thorough understanding of its resistance to Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) as the gas can contain traces of hydrogen, and martensitic steels, and their welds, are generally very sensitive to HE. This paper deals with the first part of this study, involving the characterization of the microstructure and the mechanical properties of each zone of the electron beam weld (melted zone and four different heat affected zones), and the investigation of their embrittlement in a hydrogen environment. For this purpose, tensile tests were performed in hydrogen gas at various pressures on both the base metal and the welded samples. In situ tensile tests with picture correlation analysis have been planned for the subsequent part of our study. These experiments will enable us to track the strain in the different zones and examine the effect of hydrogen on their mechanical behavior. These results, combined with permeation tests, should lead to a complete model for predicting hydrogen location inside the vessel as a function of time and local properties, as well as the associated embrittlement.

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Estimation of Some Mechanical Properties for Similar & Dissimilar Welded Joints

Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences ◽

10.31185/ejuow.vol2.iss1.24 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 59-76

Author(s):

Abdullah Daie'e Assi

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽

Base Metal ◽

Welded Joints ◽

Plate Thickness ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Dissimilar Metals ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Steel Type

This research deals with the choice of the suitable filler metal to weld the similar and dissimilar metals (Low carbon steel type A516 & Austenitic stainless steel type 316L) under constant conditions such as, plate thickness (6 mm), voltage (78 v), current (120 A), straight polarity. This research deals with three major parts. The first parts Four types of electrodes were used for welding of dissimilar metals (C.St A516 And St.St 316L) two from mild steel (E7018, E6013) and other two from austenitic stainless steel (E309L, E308L) various inspection were carried out include (Visual T., X-ray T., δ- Ferrite phase T., and Microstructures T.) and mechanical testing include (tensile T., bending T. and micro hardness T.) The second parts done by used the same parameters to welding similar metals from (C.St A516) Or (St.St 316L). The third parts deals with welding of dissimilar weldments (C.St And St.St) by two processes, gas tungsten are welding (GTAW) and shielded metal are welding (SMAW). The results indicated that the spread of carbon from low carbon steel to the welding zone in the case of welding stainless steel elect pole (E309L) led to Configuration Carbides and then high hardness the link to high values compared with the base metal. In most similar weldments showed hardness of the welding area is higher than the hardness of the base metal. The electrode (E309L) is the most suitable to welding dissimilar metals from (C.St A516 With St.St 316L). The results also showed that the method of welding (GTAW) were better than the method of welding (SMAW) in dissimilar welded joints (St.St 316L with C.St A516) in terms of irregular shape and integrity of the welding defects, as well as characterized this weldments the high-lift and resistance ductility good when using the welding conditions are similar.

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ATI 441 ALLOY

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ss1150 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 62 (7) ◽

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

High Temperature ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Exhaust System ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Temperature Performance ◽

System Components ◽

Low Nitrogen

Abstract ATI 441 is a low-carbon and low-nitrogen ferritic stainless steel with 18 Cr and columbium. The alloy is typically used for exhaust system components. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming. Filing Code: SS-1150. Producer or source: Allegheny Technologies Inc..

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NIROSTA 4429

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ss0787 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

High Temperature ◽

Pitting Corrosion ◽

Intergranular Corrosion ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Low Carbon ◽

High Nitrogen ◽

Temperature Performance ◽

Pitting Corrosion Resistance

Abstract Nirosta 4429 is a low-carbon, high-nitrogen version of type 316 stainless steel. The low carbon imparts intergranular corrosion resistance while the nitrogen imparts both higher strength and some increased pitting corrosion resistance. It is recommended for use as welded parts that need not or cannot be annealed after welding. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: SS-787. Producer or source: ThyssenKrupp Nirosta.

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VALINOX VLX 439L

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ss0531 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Stress Corrosion ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Fresh Water ◽

Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Boiler Water

Abstract VALINOX VLX 439L is a ferritic stainless steel with 18% chromium, low carbon, and titanium stabilization to present an entirely ferritic structure; resistance to corrosion in fresh water, boiler water, and cooling waters; and an almost freedom from stress-corrosion cracking problems due to chlorinated water. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming and heat treating. Filing Code: SS-531. Producer or source: Vallourec Inc..

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CLC 18.10LN

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ss0950 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Shear Strength ◽

High Temperature ◽

Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽

Stainless Steels ◽

The Other ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Good Corrosion Resistance ◽

Temperature Performance

Abstract CLC 18.10LN is an austenitic stainless steel with 18% Cr, 9.5% Ni, and 0.14% N to provide good corrosion resistance at strengths above the other low-carbon stainless steels. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength as well as creep. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-950. Producer or source: Industeel USA, LLC.

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ALLEGHENY STAINLESS TYPE 434

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ss0292 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Fracture Toughness ◽

Stainless Steel ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Good Corrosion Resistance ◽

Temperature Performance ◽

Continuous Service ◽

Oxidation Resistant ◽

Corrosive Environments

Abstract ALLEGHENY STAINLESS TYPE 434 is a low-carbon ferritic stainless steel with good corrosion resistance to mildly corrosive environments and the atmosphere. It is oxidation resistant at temperatures up to 1600 F for intermittent service and up to 1450-1500 F for continuous service. It is used for automotive trim and other exterior environments. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness and fatigue. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: SS-292. Producer or source: Allegheny Ludlum Corporation.

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SANDVIK 2RE10

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ss0272 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

High Temperature ◽

Nitric Acid ◽

High Resistance ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Low Carbon ◽

High Chromium ◽

Temperature Performance ◽

High Nickel

Abstract SANDVIK 2RE10 is a high-chromium, high-nickel, extra-low-carbon austenitic stainless steel with high resistance to oxidizing media such as concentrated nitric acid, high resistance to intergranular corrosion and good structural stability. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: SS-272. Producer or source: Sandvik. See also Alloy Digest SS-491, November 1987.

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