Social Psychiatry and Sociology of Mental Health: A View on Their Past and Future Relevance

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Krupinski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Social Psychiatry ◽  
Epidemiological Methods ◽  
World War ◽  
Urban Decay

The origins of social psychiatry can be traced to the age of enlightenment and to the effects of the industrial revolution. Social psychiatry deals with social factors associated with psychiatric morbidity, social effects of mental illness, psycho-social disorders and social approaches to psychiatric care. Since the end of World War II up to the early seventies it has been claimed that social psychiatry should concentrate on the fight against war, poverty, racial discrimination, urban decay and all other social ills affecting people's mental health, and that the psychiatrist should be responsible for the mental health of the society. In contrast, sociology of mental health questioned the expertise of the psychiatrist and the very existence of mental illness, claiming that it covers deviant behaviour rejected by the society. The paper refutes this approach indicating that not the existence but the perception and presentation of psychiatric illness are socially determined. Acknowledging the contribution of sociology and social sciences to psychiatry, it is suggested that the heroic period of social psychiatry and the iconoclastic approach of sociology of mental health are over. However, social psychiatry, enriched by the use of epidemiological methods, has still much to offer to the daily practice of psychiatry.

scholarly journals A Wealth of Evidence: The Identity of the Man Commemorated at Sutton Hoo

Elements ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitri Phillips
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Round Table ◽  
King Arthur ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
World War ◽  
East Anglia ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

The history of England did not begin with the Industrial Revolution and not everything supposed about the Anglo-Saxons reduces to the myth of King Arthur and the Round Table. Contrary to commonly held beliefs, the Dark Ages of the North were full of splendor and brilliance; the only thing dark about them is their enshrouded history, but that only makes them all the more fascinating. The great burial mound at Sutton Hoo in East Anglia, discovered just before World War II, shines as one of the most grandiose sepulchers in history, yet the identity of its occupant remains a mystery. Was it a wealthy merchant, a warrior from overseas, or a great king? This paper gathers, presents, and scrutinizes the evidence and arguments from ancient records, opulate grave-goods, and contemporary investigations in an attempt to determine the most likely candidate for the individual interred in Mound 1 at Sutton Hoo.

scholarly journals (re)Weave: Adapting Urban Obsolescence in Syracuse

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Marinic ◽  
◽  
Zeke Leonard ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Industrial City ◽  
Interstate Highway System ◽  
Urban Decay ◽  
Highway System

It has been over fifty years since the beginning of the decline of the American industrial city. After World War II, urban life in the United States began to fracture along social, economic, and demographic lines. The rise of the interstate highway system facilitated the simultaneous collapse of downtown retail districts; advancing urban decay stood in marked contrast to a thriving, homogeneous, trans-continental suburban culture. Today, widespread obsolescence has catalyzed and accelerated to embody the future of shrinking cities in the RustBelt.

Early Perspectives of Patients, Practice and the Profession

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 284-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Occupational Therapy ◽  
Occupational Therapists ◽  
World War ◽  
Therapeutic Application ◽  
Hospital Environments ◽  
Medical Advances ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theory Base

This article draws on an analysis of the British Journal of Occupational Therapy and texts published in England from 1938 to 1951 to describe the ways in which early British occupational therapists perceived themselves and their practice. To give context, the impact of World War II, the medical advances of the time and the profession's overarching goals are outlined. Three themes are presented. First, therapists' use of craft activities, the knowledge that they held about the therapeutic application of craft and the demands of using craft activities in hospital environments are described. The therapists' efforts to articulate a theory base and to demonstrate the efficacy of occupational therapy are the second and third themes. The analysis reveals the circumstances that brought about a shift from craft activities to rehabilitation and workplace technologies, and how the diversional activities that characterised practice in mental health and long-stay physical settings lost ground to remedial and vocational outcomes.

Wartime stressors and mental health symptoms as predictors of late-life mortality in World War II survivors

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 121-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge Bramsen ◽  
Dorly J.H. Deeg ◽  
Eleonore van der Ploeg ◽  
Sonja Fransman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Late Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Mental Health Symptoms ◽  
Health Symptoms

Disability’s Other

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Creadick
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Interdisciplinary Team ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Body ◽  
The Social ◽  
Normal Character ◽  
Normal Men

The notion of “disability” relies on the concept of “normal.” Like disability, normality has a traceable history as an epistemological category. The mobilization of soldiers during World War II and, to a lesser degree, World War I, meant thousands of minds and bodies could be, and were, measured. A curious obsession with defining “normal” took hold, as doctors, scientists, and anthropologists gathered and applied statistical data to try measure “normal” bodies and describe “normal” character. Enlistees were subjected to psychological testing; sexologists used anthropometric methods to map the “normal” American body; and an interdisciplinary team at Harvard launched a longitudinal study of “normal men.” Taken together, such pursuits of “normality” were inextricable from midcentury anxieties about mental health, embodiment, masculinity, and the nation. By illuminating and gendering the “normal,” such forces functioned both to evoke and then exclude “disabled” bodies from the social body.

Today's Port—A Trade and Transport Hub

1963 ◽  
Vol 345 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry C. Brockel
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
World War ◽  
Engineering Effort ◽  
Human Skills

Although land and air transport have greatly expanded, man's historic dependence on water transport continues. Ocean fleets have doubled in size since World War II, and 1960 water-borne world trade stood at a record 1.1 billion tons. This vast commerce moves through the ports of the world, which, thus, are barometers of trade, wealth, and power. Ports, casual affairs during the Middle Ages, became of great interest in the period of world exploration and colonization and received another great impetus during the industrial revolution and from steam navigation. Water access to all boundaries of the United States provided further impetus as the resources of North America affected world trade. Ports, created by massive engineering effort, are economic centers functioning through a variety of physical improvements and human skills. They are intensely competitive. Uniquely, ports mirror the economies of the regions they serve. They are sensitive to growth of population and industry, to raw-material patterns, to government policy. They serve but do not in themselves create trade. Free ports are rapidly declining in importance due to intense nationalism. The port authority is a unique instrument combining governmental and economic functions. Ships and ports continue to be the basic mechanisms for vast world trade.

scholarly journals Syrian refugees’ perspectives and service providers’ viewpoints on major needs and future plans in Jordan

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitra Naseh ◽  
Natalia Liviero ◽  
Maryam Rafieifar ◽  
Zahra Abtahi ◽  
Miriam Potocky
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
World War ◽  
Key Informants ◽  
Phenomenological Design ◽  
Future Plans

Abstract The ongoing civil war in Syria created the world’s largest refugee crisis since World War II. As exile continues for many Syrians, this study aimed to explore what refugees perceive as their major needs and plans for the future in comparison to what service providers believe is needed and should be planned in Jordan. Phenomenological design and inductive reasoning were used in this study to explore refugees’ needs and future plans from the etic view by interviewing key informants and from the emic view by analyzing interviews with refugees. After coding and comparing the key informants’ interviews and refugees’ narratives, six main themes emerged: (1) gap between refugees’ expectations and reality of humanitarian services; (2) rent as a major but neglected challenge; (3) older adults: vulnerable and at the back of the queue for services; (4) mental health of adults as an overlooked need; (5) education: hard to access for extremely poor and adults; and (6) an uncertain and unplanned future. Findings suggest a need for better information sharing strategies about services, targeted programs for urbane refugees and older adults, awareness-raising about importance of the mental health and protracted exile, and long-term planning.

Sexual violence by occupational forces during and after World War II: influence of experiencing and witnessing of sexual violence on current mental health in a sample of elderly Austrians

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1354-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Lueger-Schuster ◽  
Tobias M. Glück ◽  
Ulrich S. Tran ◽  
Elisabeth L. Zeilinger
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
World War ◽  
Psychological Measures ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Traumatic Distress ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTBackground: Wartime rape is an atrocity with long-lasting impacts not only on victims but whole societies. In this brief report, we present data on experience and witness of sexual violence during World War II (WWII) and subsequent time of occupation and on indicators of mental health in a sample of elderly Austrians.Methods: Interviews of 298 elderly Austrians from a larger epidemiological study on WWII traumatization were analyzed for the impact of experience and witness of sexual violence during the wartime committed by occupational forces. Interviews comprised a biographical/historical section and psychological measures (BSI, TLEQ, PCL–C). Participants were recruited in all nine provinces of Austria with respect to former zones of occupation (Western Allied/Soviet).Results: Twelve persons reported direct experience of sexual violence, 33 persons witnessed such atrocities. One third of the victims and 18.2% of the witnesses reported post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD full/subthreshold). Sexual violence occurred more often in the former Soviet zone. Victims and witnesses displayed higher odds of post-traumatic symptoms and symptoms of depression and phobic fear than non-victims. Furthermore, witnesses displayed higher levels of aggression compared to victims and non-witnesses.Conclusions: Our results corroborate previous findings that wartime rape has long-lasting effects over decades on current mental health and post-traumatic distress in victims and witnesses. We recommend integration of psychotraumatological knowledge on consequences of sexual violence on mental health into geriatric care and the education of dedicated personnel.

scholarly journals Between Institutional Psychiatry and Mental Health Care: Social Psychiatry in The Netherlands, 1916–2000

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Oosterhuis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Social Psychiatry ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
After Care ◽  
The Social ◽  
Institutional Psychiatry

The term “social psychiatry” became current in the Netherlands from the late 1920s. Its meaning was imprecise. In a general way, the term referred to psychiatric approaches of mental illness that focused on its social origins and backgrounds. In this broad interpretation social psychiatry was connected to the psycho-hygienic goal of preventing mental disorders, but also to epidemiological research on the distribution of mental illness among the population at large. The treatment called “active therapy”, introduced in Dutch mental asylums in the 1920s and geared towards the social rehabilitation of the mentally ill (especially through work), was also linked with social psychiatry. In a more narrow sense social psychiatry indicated what before the 1960s was usually called “after-care” and “pre-care”: forms of medical and social assistance for patients who had been discharged from the mental asylum or who had not yet been institutionalized. This article focuses on the twentieth-century development of Dutch social psychiatry in this more narrow sense, without, however, losing sight of its wider context: on the one hand institutional psychiatry for the insane and on the other the mental hygiene movement and several outpatient mental health facilities, which targeted a variety of groups with psychosocial and behavioural problems. In fact, the vacillating position of pre- and after-care services was again and again determined by developments in these adjacent psychiatric and mental health care domains. This overview is chronologically divided into three periods: the period between and during the two world wars, when psychiatric pre- and aftercare came into being; the post-Second World War era until 1982, when the Social-Psychiatric Services expanded and professionalized; and the 1980s and 1990s, when they became integrated in community mental health centres.

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