Duration of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and the Relationship to Low Birth Weight

Since the first report by Simpson (1957) of the association between premature birth and maternal smoking, the research on the consequences of maternal smoking during pregnancy on perinatal outcome has been intense. Even if some of the findings have been contradictory, it is now evident that maternal smoking is associated with pre-term birth and low birth weight, low birth weight for gestational age, small head circumference, low Apgar score at 5 min, stillbirth and neonatal death.

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Effects of Chorionicity and Zygosity on Triplet Birth Weight

Twin Research and Human Genetics ◽

10.1375/twin.15.2.149 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 149-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Diane J. Lamb ◽

Jacqueline M. Vink ◽

Christel M. Middeldorp ◽

Catharina E.M. van Beijsterveldt ◽

Monique C. Haak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Maternal Smoking ◽

Extremely Low Birth Weight ◽

Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Individual Level ◽

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy

Birth weight in triplets is, on average, lower than in singletons and twins, and more children are classified as having very low or extremely low birth weight. Still, there is limited research on factors that affect triplet birth weight, and samples under study are often small. Chorionicity and zygosity influence triplet birth weight, but it is unknown whether the effect of zygosity can be entirely ascribed to the effect of chorionicity or whether zygosity has an additional effect on triplet birth weight. This question was investigated in 346 triplets (from 116 trios) registered with the Netherlands Twin Register for whom data on chorionicity were available. ‘Triplet’ refers to one child and the set of three triplets is referred to as ‘trio’. Trios and triplets were classified based on zygosity and chorionicity. With regression analysis, the effects of zygosity and chorionicity on triplet birth weight were examined, while controlling for gestational age, sex, and maternal smoking during pregnancy. In addition, within the dizygotic trios a within-family comparison was made between the birth weight of the triplets that were part of a monozygotic pair (with some pairs sharing a chorion), and the birth weight of the dizygotic triplet. Based on the classification on individual level, monozygotic, monochorionic triplets had a lower mean birth weight than dizygotic, dichorionic triplets. Most remarkably, in dizygotic trios, monozygotic pairs only had a lower mean birth weight than their dizygotic sibling triplet when the pair shared a chorion. We conclude that having shared a chorion, rather than being monozygotic, increases the risk of a low birth weight.

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Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Offspring Birth Weight: A Genetically-Informed Approach Comparing Multiple Raters

Behavior Genetics ◽

10.1007/s10519-015-9750-6 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 353-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Valerie S. Knopik ◽

Kristine Marceau ◽

Rohan H. C. Palmer ◽

Taylor F. Smith ◽

Andrew C. Heath

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Maternal Smoking ◽

Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy

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Association of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Birth Weight With Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Children Aged 11 or 12 Years

JAMA Ophthalmology ◽

10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.0043 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 135 (4) ◽

pp. 331 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Håkan Ashina ◽

Xiao Qiang Li ◽

Else Marie Olsen ◽

Anne Mette Skovgaard ◽

Michael Larsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Nerve Fiber ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer ◽

Maternal Smoking ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness ◽

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Pregnancy And Birth

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Maternal smoking during pregnancy and socioeconomic factors as predictors of low birth weight in term pregnancies in Nis

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp1002145s ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 145-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Miodrag Stojanovic ◽

Vladmila Bojanic ◽

Dijana Musovic ◽

Zoran Milosevic ◽

Dusica Stojanovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Great Influence ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Education Level ◽

Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Children Health ◽

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy

Background/Aim. Low birth weight (LBW) is a result of preterm birth or intrauterine growth retardation, and in both cases is the strongest single factor associated with perinatal and neonatal mortality. It is considered that socioeconomic factors, as well as mothers bad habits, play the most significant role in the development of LBW, which explains notable number of researches focused on this particular problem. The aim of this study was to characterize socioeconomic factors, as well as smoking habits of the mothers, and their connection with LBW. Methods. The questionnaire was carried out among mothers of 2 years old children (n = 956), born after 37 gestational weeks. The characteristics of mothers who had children with LBW, defined as < 2 500 g, (n = 50), were matched with the characteristics of mothers who had children ? 2 500 g, (n = 906). For defining risk factors, and protective factors as well, we used univariant and multivariant logistic modeles. Results. As significant risk factors for LBW in an univariant model we had education level of the mothers, smoking during pregnancy, smoking before pregnancy, the number of daily cigarettes, the number of cigarettes used during pregnancy, paternal earnings and socioeconomic factors. In a multivariant model the most significant factors were socioeconomic factors, education level of the mothers, paternal earnings and mothers smoking during pregnancy. Conclusion. Smoking during pregnancy and socioeconomic factors have great influence on LBW. Future studies should be carried out in different social groups, with the intention to define their influence on LBW and reproduction, as well. This should be the proper way of adequate health breeding planning for giving up smoking, the prevention of bad habits and melioration of mothers and children health, as the most vulnerable population.

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Prenatal smoking and childhood behavior problems: is the association mediated by birth weight?

Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease ◽

10.1017/s2040174416000039 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 273-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. E. Parker ◽

B. R. Collett ◽

M. L. Speltz ◽

M. M. Werler

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Behavior Problems ◽

Child Behavior ◽

Maternal Smoking ◽

Behavioral Outcomes ◽

Attention Problems ◽

Prenatal Smoking ◽

Teacher Report ◽

Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy

Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with both reduced birth weight and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood behavioral outcomes, and to determine the role of birth weight in mediating such associations. The study included 489 mother–child pairs. Prenatal exposures were assessed via maternal interviews conducted on average 1 year after delivery and child behavior assessments were completed at 5–12 years of age using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher Report Form (TRF). Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with externalizing and total behavior problems according to both mother and teacher report. Maternal smoking was also associated with the following percentage increases in scores: 41% (CBCL) and 44% (TRF) for aggressive behavior and 65% (CBCL) and 47% (TRF) for attention problems. Associations with behavior problems were attenuated or no longer observed for mothers that quit smoking in early pregnancy. The proportion of the total effect of maternal smoking on behavioral outcomes explained by differences in birth weight was small and ranged from 6.6% for externalizing behavior on the CBCL to 20.1% for rule-breaking behavior on the CBCL. Our results suggest that birth weight differences explain only a small proportion of the magnitude of association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and selected behavioral outcomes.

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Etiology of individual differences in birth weight of twins as a function of maternal smoking during pregnancy

Twin Research ◽

10.1375/twin.1.3.123 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 123-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Caroline GM van Baal ◽

Dorret I Boomsma

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Maternal Smoking ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Intrauterine Growth ◽

Equation Modelling ◽

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Lower Variability ◽

Genetic And Environmental Factors

AbstractBirth weight is in large extent influenced by gestational age. In addition genetic and environmental factors determine intrauterine growth and birth weight. The contributions of these factors may be influenced by maternal smoking during pregnancy. We examined birth weight and maternal smoking in a sample of 2930 twin pairs from the Netherlands Twin Register using structural equation modelling. Gestational age accounted for 27–44% of the variance in birth weight. A lower variability of birth weight and a lower association of birth weight with gestational age was found in twins whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. The variance not associated with gestational age was independent of maternal smoking during pregnancy. A systematic smaller part of the variability in birth weight was associated with variability in gestational age in second born twins compared to first born twins. The heritability of interindividual differences in birth weight was modest (10% for twins with non-smoking mothers and 11% for twins with smoking mothers). Common environmental influences other than gestational age accounted for a slightly larger part of the variance not associated with gestational age (17–20%).

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The Relationship Between Idiopathic Mental Retardation and Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.97.4.547 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 97 (4) ◽

pp. 547-553

Author(s):

Carolyn D. Drews ◽

Catherine C. Murphy ◽

Marshalyn Yeargin-Allsopp ◽

Pierre Decouflé

Keyword(s):

Mental Retardation ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Maternal Smoking ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Economic Status ◽

Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Face To Face ◽

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

The Relationship ◽

Idiopathic Mental Retardation

Objectives. Smoking has been linked to small cognitive, achievement, and behavioral deficits but has not been associated with more severe cognitive impairments. This investigation evaluated the relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and idiopathic mental retardation (MR). Methods. Data on maternal smoking during pregnancy were obtained during face-to-face interviews with the mothers of 221 children with idiopathic MR and the mothers of 400 children attending public school. All children had been born in the five-county metropolitan Atlanta area in 1975 or 1976 and were living in the area when they were 10 years of age. We used exposure odds ratios (ORs) to assess the relationship between maternal smoking and MR, controlling for sex, maternal age at delivery, race, maternal education, economic status, parity, and alcohol use. Results. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with slightly more than a 50% increase in the prevalence of idiopathic MR (adjusted OR, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-2.4), and children whose mothers smoked at least one pack a day during pregnancy had more than a 75% increase in the occurrence of idiopathic MR (OR, 1.9;95% confidence interval, 1.0-3.4). This increase was neither accounted for by other sociodemographic risk factors for MR nor explained by an increase in the prevalence of low birth weight among the children of smokers. Conclusions. Our data suggest that maternal smoking may be a preventable cause of mental retardation.

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