scholarly journals Yugoslavia on the brink of break-up: was it possible to avoid the war?

2019 ◽  
pp. 479-499
Author(s):  
Elena Guskova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Mikhail Gorbachev ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Full Support ◽  
The Times

The article is devoted to the times when the foreign policy of the USSR in relation to socialist countries changed, and the “Gorbachev Doctrine” appeared in perestroika. M. S. Gorbachev was actively engaged in foreign policy issues, lying his particular attention to Europe. The author tries to fi nd an answer to the question: to what extent was he interested in the Balkans? To answer this question, the author refers to one of the signifi cant events of that time - M. S. Gorbachev's visit to Yugoslavia in 1988. It was then when the foundations of the country's Balkan policy were laid, which manifested itself in the 1990s. The visit gave Mikhail Gorbachev an opportunity to get to know Yugoslavia better, to get a better idea of the life of the peoples of this country, to feel the love of the Yugoslavs for Russia and the Russian people. As Gorbachev's close party comrades supposed, it was during the years of perestroika that a full understanding was reached between the leadership of the USSR and Yugoslavia. The contents of the conversations, and the fi nal documents gave the Yugoslav side the assurance that mutual understanding reached will in case of possible difficulties allow it to be provided with Soviet help and support. It is this kind of assistance that Yugoslavia would need in two years, when the country began to fall apart, when Slovenia and Croatia decided to leave the Federation on their own and received full support from Germany and the United States. But Moscow refused to help.

An overview of science and technology coverage in Indian English-language dailies

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharvi Dutt ◽  
K. C. Garg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
English Language ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Indian English ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Nuclear Science ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Times ◽  
Different Parts

News items on science and technology in English-language newspapers published in different parts of India during January-December 1996 were analyzed. Results indicate that the greatest proportion of newspaper space was devoted to nuclear science and technology, followed by defense, space research, and astronomy. The Pioneer, The Hindu, and The Times of India were the newspapers that together devoted about 23 percent of the total space to items on science and technology. The sources for most of the articles (97 percent) on policy issues originated from within India, while for other stories foreign sources, including those from the United States and the United Kingdom, also contributed. Many of the items were supported by illustrations such as photographs and diagrams. The study indicates that, on average, Indian newspapers devoted far less than one percent of the total printed space to articles and stories related to science and technology.

The Soviet Union and World Peace

1946 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-474
Author(s):  
N. S. Timasheff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
World Peace ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Post War

On the two victory days, military action on the fronts stopped. But peace did not return, nor does anyone know when it will. Peace is not simply absence of military .ction. It is a state of international relations corresponding to “periods of normalcy” in the internal affairs of a nation. Peace exists, when these relations are dominated by good will, mutual understanding and friendly cooperation.The post-war world longs for peace. But there is no peace because, among the sovereign states, there is one which acts against peace. This is the Soviet Union. Is it, however, certain that the foreign policy of the Soviets is aggressive? Is it not true that, in Moscow, aggressiveness is ascribed to the United States and to the alleged Western bloc headed by it?In March, 1946, Professor E. Tarle, an authoritative spokesman of the Soviet government, placed in opposition “the old imperialistic concept of international relations” practiced by London and Washington and “the Soviet conception which is based on respect for the rights of the peoples and their real independence.”

scholarly journals The Real Years of Europe? U.S.-West European Relations during the Ford Administration

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Piers Ludlow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transatlantic Relations ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Ford Administration ◽  
Henry Kissinger ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Real ◽  
West European

Little has been written about transatlantic relations during the presidency of Gerald R. Ford. This article shows that, contrary to what most of the recent historiography suggests, the brief period under Ford did make an important difference in U.S.-West European relations. During the Ford administration, the whole architecture of transatlantic relations was rearranged, creating structures and features that endured well after Ford and his secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, had left office. In particular, the Ford years witnessed the emergence of a pattern of quadripartite consultation between the United States, Britain, France, and West Germany on foreign policy issues; and the advent of multilateral economic summitry. Each of these innovations transformed the pattern of U.S.-West European dialogue.

The Johnson Administration, the Shah of Iran, and the Changing Pattern of U.S.-Iranian Relations, 1965–1967: “Tired of Being Treated like a Schoolboy”

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Johns
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Third World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Johnson Administration ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Relationship

This article explores a key period in the relationship between the United States and Iran in the shadow of the Vietnam conflict and the overarching Cold War. It shows how U.S.-Iranian relations shifted considerably from early 1965—when the shah of Iran stepped up his efforts to reduce his dependence on the United States—to November 1967, when U.S. economic development assistance to Iran formally ended. The Johnson administration's overwhelming concern with the Vietnam conflict led to the neglect of potentially critical foreign policy issues and allies, but the lack of success in Vietnam simultaneously accentuated the importance of maintaining key alliance relationships, especially with Iran. The article underscores the centrality of domestic political considerations in forming and understanding foreign policy, both in the United States and in other countries. It also suggests that Third World leaders understood the nature of the Cold War and used the superpower conflict to their advantage to a much greater degree than previously recognized.

Domestic contention on critical foreign-policy issues: the case of the United States

1985 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Vasquez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Policy Failure ◽  
External Events ◽  
International Interactions

Variations in domestic contention on foreign policy, particularly variations of a cyclical nature within the United States, have been often identified but not explained. Changes in international interactions on global issues affect domestic contention. Such external events as the rise of new global issues, the emergence of crises, moves toward accommodation and resolution, war, and foreign-policy failure are related to the diverse forms that domestic contention can take. U.S. domestic contention, both in the recent past and in the short-term future, illustrates particularly well how hard-liners and accommodationists battle over the lessons of history.

Protecting Access to Sanctuary

2019 ◽  
pp. 253-266
Author(s):  
David Scott FitzGerald
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Remote Control ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
The United States ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Production Of Knowledge ◽  
Channel Information ◽  
The Eu

Regardless of whether a given technique of remote control sustains legal scrutiny, the cumulative effect of these policies shocks the humanitarian conscience. Diffuse humanitarian norms cannot be evaded so easily because they focus attention on the effects of the whole. Feedback loops channel information between the legal process and the production of knowledge by refugee advocates. This knowledge is the basis for integrated advocacy to keep access to sanctuary open. The extent to which such advocacy is effective varies by technique of remote control and across contexts. The least constrained remote control policies involve the dome, and the most constrained involve the barbican. There are more varied limitations on the high seas, where courts have strongly constrained the EU but given the United States carte blanche to refoule refugees. Political constraints on buffering and caging are derived from embedded liberalism and linkages to other foreign policy issues.

The Soviet Factor in U.S.-Japanese Defense Cooperation, 1978–1985

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-103
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Hasegawa
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mikhail Gorbachev ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Nuclear Missiles ◽  
Soviet Invasion ◽  
Northern Territories ◽  
Defense Cooperation

In the crucial period from 1978 to 1975, Japan jettisoned its “omnidirectional” foreign policy and embraced a closer and more integrated defense alliance with the United States. Concern about the Soviet threat was the chief motive for this shift. The deployment of Soviet troops in the Northern Territories (Southern Kuriles), the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and the deployment of Soviet Backfire bombers and SS-20 nuclear missiles in the Far East all provided impetus toward closer U.S.-Japanese defense cooperation. As Japan closely aligned its defense policy with the United States, Soviet-Japanese relations correspondingly deteriorated. Normal channels of communication were broken off. As the Japanese government elevated the Northern Territories issue to the forefront of Soviet-Japanese relations, Soviet criticism of Japan escalated. By the time Mikhail Gorbachev took power in 1985, Soviet-Japanese relations had sunk to their lowest point.

scholarly journals American policy on the Balkans

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Frosina Doninovska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Will ◽  
Dayton Agreement ◽  
Political Scene

The United States of America is a country which left a significant mark and still has a strong influence on the world political scene and the changes in the international relations especially in building the strategy of worldwide foreign policy. The paper will try to give an overview of the events that marked the 1990’s of the last century, with an accent on the breakup of Yugoslavia and the role of U.S. foreign policy in this period. The paper will especially focus on the process of the dissolution of Yugoslavia as well as the role of the United States in the Dayton Agreement and the ways of implementing the peace through the assets of diplomacy. Dayton differed from the traditional methods of negotiation in a way that included the U.S. leadership and its implementation depended on the will of the international community, especially the United States who led the efforts.

Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteenth Point in the Twenty-First Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-41
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Knock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
United Nations ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Twenty First Century

This chapter explores American foreign policy and the country’s global position in the early twenty-first century, and in particular during the presidency of Donald Trump, employing the historical background of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points. Specifically, the chapter discusses the importance of Wilson’s fourteenth point, which emphasizes the need for international cooperation and mutual understanding among nations. It explains why the United States needs internationalism and a strong foreign policy. The chapter concludes by stating the need for America’s involvement with the United Nations, in the midst of Trump’s efforts to separate America from the international community.

scholarly journals Russia – China – United States: problems of mutual understanding within the system of relations

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-58
Author(s):  
Sergey Mikhailovich Shakhray
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Figurative Expressions

The subject of this article consists in the justification of relevance of the research on differences of Russia, China, and the United States in understanding  of the same concepts, figurative expressions, means interaction with each other and on international arena overall. It is demonstrated that increasing the accuracy of the results of the analysis and forecast of development of relations within the system of Russia – China – United States is not only a political, but also a scientific cultural challenge, since it is necessary to thoroughly understand the peculiarities of the “world images”, as well as business and diplomatic traditions of each of the parties. The author reveals the examples of varying understanding of the widely known expressions that the countries are using in their foreign policy lexicon. A conclusion is made that the differences in the worldview, cross-cultural problems, mismatch of intentions and means of their expression, which used to be clarified and mitigated by the efforts of professional diplomacy,  currently in the context of personalization and “twitterization” of foreign policy aggravate not only the relations between the countries, but also become the source of conflicts dangerous for the entire world. Elucidation of the essence of the discourse between the parties is important for prevention of risks emerging due to misunderstanding, as well as development of a comprehensive model for the desired future in the Russia – China – United States triangle.

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