scholarly journals From Confessio to Calderón de la Barca: the Literary Evolution of St. Patrick’s Biography and the Question of his Legacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Jonathan McCreedy
Keyword(s):  
English Translation ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Patron Saint ◽  
Historical Accuracy ◽  
Saint Patrick ◽  
Literary Evolution ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Christian Message ◽  
Calderón De La Barca

In the following text, I will discuss the gradual erosion of historical accuracy in connection to a series of hagiographic texts concerning the biography of Saint Patrick, Ireland’s patron saint. I will outline each one against a wide historical and cultural backdrop and subsequently ascertain whether or not the changes that hagiographers introduced over the centuries have been detrimental to his legacy. The texts I have chosen to analyse can be separated into two major time periods: the first being the trio of works that construct the absolute basics of the Saint Patrick legend, all originating from the 5th to 7th centuries, which are the autobiographical Confessio, with its heavy focus on relaying a Christian moral about sin, and the historical sources Bishop Tírechán's Account of St. Patrick's Journey and Muirchú's Life of St. Patrick. With these early hagiographic texts serving as reference points, I will, however, primarily study two Spanish Patrician works from the 17th Century: Pérez de Montalbán’s 1627 work Vida y Purgatorio de San Patricio and Pedro Calderón de la Barca’s play El purgatorio de San Patricio, or The Purgatory of Saint Patrick in its English translation. Within my analysis I will determine whether or not the changes integrated into his story by Montalbán and Calderón in fact matter to the overall legacy of Saint Patrick in the modern-day and if they had any lasting impact to readers, bearing in mind that both texts, more or less, retain the essentials of his Christian message and promote him as an exemplary spiritual figure within history.

Secular geomagnetic field variations in Bulgarian lands during Classical Age and Late Antiquity – new archaeomagnetic data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kostadinova-Avramova ◽  
Petar Dimitrov ◽  
Andrei Kosterov ◽  
Mary Kovacheva
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
National Science ◽  
Basic Research Grant ◽  
National Science Fund ◽  
Research Grant

<p>Numerous historical sources and archaeological monuments attest the age of Antiquity in Bulgaria – from both the early Roman period (I – III c.) and Late Antiquity (IV – VI c.). Owing to systematic archaeological excavations, lasting more than 100 years, plenty of information has been accumulated concerning not only all aspects and manifestations of its material culture, but also their evolution and chronology.  This in turn allows for interdisciplinary fields such as archaeomagnetism to progress.</p><p>There are many archaeomagnetically studied archaeological structures from the Antiquity. The results included in the Bulgarian database form 74 reference points. However, only 20 of them are full-vector determinations because 70 % of the investigated materials are bricks. Hence, the secular variation of declination is poorly constrained within the considered period. Moreover, the reuse of bricks in the constructions occurred quite often (especially in the Late Antiquity) providing for possible errors in archaeological dating. In addition, stronger effects of magnetic anisotropy and cooling rate are usually expected for bricks than for hearths, domestic ovens, production kilns or burnt dwelling remains (there are no results from pottery in the Bulgarian dataset) and both factors are not evaluated for most of the older results. All this can explain the contradictions observed between some of the experimental results juxtaposed over the absolute time scale. In an attempt to clarify these contradictions 13 baked clay structures from eight archaeological sites were archaeomagnetically studied producing seven new directional and eight new intensity data. The samples collected possess variable magnetic properties suggesting differences in clay sources and/or firing conditions. Magnetically soft minerals prevail in seven structures but in the remaining six, abundant HCSLT phase is detected. The success rate of archaeointensity determination experiments vary from 49 to 100 %. It appears that samples containing HCSLT phase always produces good araeointensity results unlike those with the dominant presence of soft carriers.</p><p>The new reference points are compared with the present compilation of Bulgarian archaeomagnetic dataset and with the data from the neighboring countries.</p><p> </p><p>This study is supported by the grant KP-06-Russia-10 from the Bulgarian National Science Fund and Russian Foundation of the Basic Research grant 19-55-18006.</p>

scholarly journals Sv. Mihajlo; Ston; arhitektura; skulptura; zidne slike; 10. stoljeće; 11. stoljeće; Mihajlo Višević; Stefan Vojislav

Ars Adriatica ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Ivana Tomas
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The West ◽  
Patron Saint ◽  
Probable Reason ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The Church

St Michael’s church in Ston is an important monument of medieval architectural heritage within a wider area of Dubrovnik and the only positively attested monument of the so-called southern Dalmatian single-nave dome type in the area of historical Zahumlje. The church stands on the top of the Gradac hill or St Michael’s Mount (107 m.a.s.l.), at the location of an earlier fortification. Based on an analysis of St Michael’s architecture, as well as its stone furnishing, the author has argued that the church is pre-Romaneseque in origin. It has also been suggested that the belfry (the structure to the west) was built together with the church, since the concept of the ground plan (the width-length ratio, the slightly protruding apse), its small dimensions, as well as its vertical stratigraphy (the belfry and the dome) indicate that it was constructed as a ruler’s chapel. It is most probable that the church was dedicated to Archangel Michael from the very beginning, as the cult of the heavenly host-leader as the patron saint of rulers and their military campaigns was widespread among the upper classes in the early Middle Ages. The time of construction should most probably be connected with the first historically attested and significant ruler of Ston – Duke Mihajlo Višević (before 910 – after 928), who raised Ston to an administrative and ecclesiastical centre of this Sclavinia. An analysis of the younger layer of sculpture in St Michael’s (the monumental window frames and a fragment with human face), as well as its murals, has suggested that the ruler’s chapel was furnished more richly around the mid-11th century. Considering the historical sources on Ston in this period, it has been suggested that its renovation took place at the initiative of Stefan Vojislav (before 1018 – 1043/1050), founder of the Vojislavljević dynasty. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that Vojislav, having defeated Byzantium and its allies (among them the distinguished Duke Ljutovit of Zahumlje) conquered the seat of Zahumlje’s rulers. It may be presumed that he spent some time there as well, since the Byzantine writer Kekaumenos mentions that Vojislav was a toparch in Ston and that he captured the strategos of Dubrovnik. Thus, the conquest of Ston, as well as the glorious victory over both Byzantium and Ljutovit leading the allied army, imposes itself as the probable reason why Stefan Vojislav renovated the church in Ston, namely in order to celebrate his military triumph in the chapel of the defeated ruler of Zahumlje. The reconstruction most probably took place between 1042/43 and 1050, after Vojislav’s victory and before his death.

scholarly journals Measurement of Small Strain-Rates over Short Time Periods

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (71) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Holdsworth
Keyword(s):  
Laser Interferometer ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Surface Strain ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Short Time

AbstractA laser interferometer has been used to measure small relative displacements between two reference points spaced up to 99.76 m apart and fixed in an ice surface. Strain-rates of order 10−11 s−1 can be detected easily within a 24 h period and possibly within an 8 h period.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Goldblatt's English Translation of Mo Yan's “The Republic of Wine”

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 728-733
Author(s):  
Hui Guo
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Original Work ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Republic

This article compares the original work of "The Republic of Wine" with Howard Goldblatt’s translation, and finds that Mr. Goldblatt strives to find a balance between fidelity and betrayal, and adopts more methods of transliteration and literal translation, which makes translation into a cross-cultural communication. Also, this article focuses on exploring the translator’s handling of culturally loaded words in the original work, and also provides new ideas and inspiration for Chinese-English translators. At the same time, “The Republic of Wine” is all-encompassing and contains a lot of metaphors; this paper analyzes the metaphor translation strategies in its English translation in order to provide some reference points for metaphor translation.

scholarly journals Measurement of Small Strain-Rates over Short Time Periods

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (71) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Holdsworth
Keyword(s):  
Laser Interferometer ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Surface Strain ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Short Time

A laser interferometer has been used to measure small relative displacements between two reference points spaced up to 99.76 m apart and fixed in an ice surface. Strain-rates of order 10−11 s−1 can be detected easily within a 24 h period and possibly within an 8 h period.

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