TWO FINDS OF THE PODILLIA HALF-GROSZES IN LVIV REGION

The article discuss two new finds in the Lviv region of coins of the Podillia principality, minted on behalf of Prince Konstantin Koriatyvych. One Podillia half-grosz was found in the Busk district near the Poltva river, and the second coin was accidentally found in the Zolochiv district of the Lviv region. It is noteworthy that these two districts are neighboring and during the existence of these coins formed the border between Galicia and Podillia. The most probable reason for the discovery of these coins in this area can be explained by the desire of Podillia merchants to sell their goods on the border with the Galicia-Volyn state, because to take them to Lviv through the warehouse right granted to the city was unprofitable. It is known that the main powerful direction of trade in Lviv was the Crimea, trade was carried out through the shopping centers of Podillia. This route of movement of the goods of Lviv merchants is confirmed by the findings of Lviv coins, distributed along the trade routes from Lviv to Moldavia and Kafa. Exotic goods from distant Venice, Persia, China and Alexandria came to Lviv via Kafa, Sudak and Belgorod. Further movement of goods took place to Krakow, Gdansk, Prague and Regensburg. Among the coin finds in Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil regions – minted in Lviv, Prague and Polish coins predominate. There are no common treasures of Lviv coins with the Golden Horde coins. In Ivano-Frankivsk region, together with Lviv, Moldovan money was hidden, and in Ternopil region – the so-called «Kyiv imitations» and Podillia coins. In the Chernivtsi region, along with Lviv and Prague coins, Golden Horde dirhams and Moldavian coins were found. Among the Moldavian – coins of the Stephen the Great, which confirms the existence of a trade route from Lviv to the Crimea through the Moldavian lands, starting from the last decades of the XIV century. In Khmelnytsky and Vinnytsia oblasts, finds with Lviv coins show an impressive presence of coins of different monetary systems. Podillia became an important international exchange of goods, which is reflected in the deposition of coins in treasures. In Ternopil, Khmelnytsky and Vinnytsia oblasts, 2,594 Lviv coins accounted for 1,650 coins of Casimir III, Wladyslaw of Opole and Louis of Hungary (from 1350-1380) and 944 coins and half-groszes of Władysław Jagiello, minted in Lviv during 1387-1412. The predominance of coins of Casimir III, Wladyslaw of Opole and Louis of Hungary fits into the assertion that in their time trade routes to the Crimea via Podillia were the main ones. Among the 263 Lviv coins of the 14th century found in the Cherkasy region, only three coins with the name of Wladyslav Jagiello, that is, in the last decades of the 14th century. Lviv merchants hardly reached the Dnieper. They stopped in Podolia, where they bought all the necessary oriental goods. Finds of Lviv silver coins allow us to establish that since the end of the 1380s Podillia lands have been in the center of trade transactions. If before they were a transit territory, now they have become the most important transshipment point in trade with the east. In the end, this eventually led to the minting of a small Podillia coin (half a fraction of Prague money common in Eastern and Central Europe) to meet the needs of a lively local market. The vast majority of Podillia half-groszes recorded by Igor Yakovelis in joint treasures with Lviv coins were found in the Khmelnytsky region. Only one – in Ternopil, 7 pcs. in Vinnytsia and 2 pcs. in the Cherkassy region. The fact that the finds of Podillia coins are localized, mostly in the Khmelnytsky region and partly in the Vinnytsia region, indicates that the reason for their minting was the service of rapid trade right here, in the transshipment point on the way of oriental goods. The two Podillia half-groszes from the Lviv region put into scientific circulation may indicate that the Podillia merchants arrived with their goods (probably also of eastern origin) on the border of the Podillia principality and Galician Rus’. In fact, they did not invent a new route, but used the old «Tatar road» that led from Lviv to Zolochiv, Terebovlia and Kamyanets. Along this path, the two most western finds of Podillia coins were recorded – in Zolochiv and Busk districts.

First Report of Rare Tellin Serratina Ostracea (Lamarck, 1818) (Tellinidae: Venerida) From Indian Mainland

The present paper reports the occurrence of Tellin clam Serratina ostracea (Lamarck, 1818) from the Indian mainland. It was collected from the Talsari coast of Odisha state. This species was earlier reported from Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the probable reason for the dispersal of veliger larvae from its previous locality, Andaman, and Nicobar Islands to present locality Talsari (Odisha) coast was discussed here.

Development and Validation of Teachers’ Sense of Calling Scale

Sense of calling is an emerging construct in the field of psychology and organizational behaviour. There are a lot of studies, which have been conducted in Western countries, but there are still many parts of the globe where not many studies have been conducted. One probable reason for the deficient research in other parts of the globe could be attributed to the wording of existing scales. There is a need to develop new tools for measuring calling, which are subject specific. Calling is connected to a particular career domain. Therefore, studying the construct in a particular career domain like teaching can facilitate the research on sense of calling. But teachers’ sense of calling has received less research attention. This motivated us to develop a scale specifically for measuring teachers’ sense of calling. The scale is a 10-item, three-dimensional scale. Finally, implications and limitations of the study with some suggestions for future research are discussed.

Antibacterial effects assessment on some livestock pathogens, thermal stability and proposing a probable reason for different levels of activity of thanatin

There is a continuing need to prevent the increasing use of common antibiotic and find the replacement to combat the drug/antibiotic resistant bacteria such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as thanatin peptide. In this study, recombinant thanatin peptide was expressed in the HEK293 cell line. Then the antimicrobial properties of this peptide on some poultry and farm animal’s pathogen strains were assessed. The thermal-stability of thanatin was predicted in various temperatures through in silico analysis. Afterwards, according to Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) results, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were chosen to test the hypothesis of LptA/LptD–thanatin interaction, computationally. Relative amino acid sequences and crystallography structures were retrieved and missed tertiary structures were predicted. The interaction of thanatin with LptA and LptD of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were analyzed subsequently. The antibacterial activity of thanatin peptide was evaluated between 6.25 and 100 μg/mL using minimum inhibitory concentration. Also, the amounts of minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were between 12.5 and 200 μg/mL. The bioinformatics analysis followed by the in vitro assessment, demonstrated that thanatin would be thermally stable in the body temperature of poultry and farm animals. Thanatin could penetrate to the outer membrane domain of LptD in Escherichia coli and it could block the transition path of this protein while the entrance of LptD in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was blocked for thanatin by extra residues in comparison with Escherichia coli LptD. In addition, the quality of interaction, with regard to the number and distance of interactions which leads to higher binding energy for thanatin and LptD of Escherichia coli was much better than Pseudomonas aeruginosa. But the site and quality of interaction for thanatin and LptA was almost the same for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Accordingly, thanatin can prevent the assembly of LptA periplasmic bridge in both pathogens. The antibacterial and thermal stability of the thanatin peptide suggested that thanatin peptide might serve as a natural alternative instead of common antibiotics in the veterinary medicine. The outcome of this in silico study supports the MIC results. Therefore, a probable reason for different level of activity of thanatin against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa might be the quality of LptA/LptD–thanatin interaction.

Butterflies and moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of the Lokrum island, southern Dalmatia

In 2016 and 2017 a survey of the butterflies and moth fauna of the island of Lokrum, Dubrovnik was carried out. A total of 208 species were recorded, which, together with 15 species from the literature, raised the total number of known species to 223. The results of our survey can be used as a baseline for the study of future changes in the Lepidoptera composition on the island. In comparison with the literature records, eight butterfly species can be regarded as extinct from the island. The most probable reason for extinction is the degradation of the grassland habitats due to the natural succession as well as the introduction of the European Rabbit and Indian Peafowl. Their presence has probably had a tremendously detrimental effect on the native flora and fauna of the island. To conserve the Lepidoptera fauna of the island, and the still remaining biodiversity, immediate eradication of these introduced species is needed.

Магнитокалорический эффект в окрестности температуры магнитной компенсации аморфных ферримагнитных пленок Gd-Co

The magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of amorphous ferrimagnetic Gd-Co films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy were studied in a wide range of fields and temperatures. The change in the sign of the magnetocaloric effect near the compensation temperature occurs almost abruptly when the magnetic field is oriented perpendicular to the film plane. In a certain temperature range, it happens when the field is oriented along the plane of the sample. The most probable reason for the blurring of this transition is the appearance of a non-collinear magnetic structure.

Corpus Pattern Analysis of of-Construction Phrase Transformations to the Genitive

While it is well known that phrase transformations take place, there has been very little concrete research on phrase transformations and the associated rules. To go some way to filling this gap, this paper used corpus pattern analysis (CPA) to examine of-construction phrases, as exemplified by on the face of it and on its face, and elucidate the syntactic manipulation in the semantic and functional features of on its face. The CPA revealed that on its face was semantically the same as on the face of it (i.e., seemingly), but that the meaning of face, i.e., appearance, had more stress in the on the face of it phrase than the end-focus. Further, on its face was found to more often co-occur with legal lexical items such as constitutional, invalid, and lawful, and to be used more often in legal contexts. The reason on its face was derived from on the face of it was found to be because of the end-focus and the influence of semantically compatible phrases, such as for the sake of ~ and for ~’s sake, on behalf of ~ and on ~’s behalf. However, it should be noted that not all phrases that have of-constructions can be transformed into the genitive; for example, for the life of me does not transform into *for my life because *for my life is most often literally interpreted. It appears that linguistic economy is the most probable reason for phrase transformations from of-constructions to genitive constructions.

BENIH-BENIH IDEOLOGI ISLAMISME RADIKAL DI KALANGAN SEJUMLAH MAHASISWA NTT

<p>This article focuses on the roots of radicalism as can be seen in young Muslims in NTT Province. The majority of the population of this province are either Protestant or Catholic Christians. Nationally, NTT has a reputation for being a province which is coloured by religious tolerance. People of different religions live side by side peacefully. A probable reason for this is the fact that family and friendship relationships tend to cross religious boundaries. However, in recent times religious harmony has been impacted by radical thinking among tertiary Muslim students. These seeds can be seen in their understanding of, and attitude to, radical Islamism. At the level of understanding, they do not differentiate between Islam as a religion and Islam as an ideology. At times they identify radical Islamism as the teaching of Islam. Attitude-wise, this article points out that a considerable number of respondents hold certain convictions which are in line with the ideology of radical Islamism.</p><p><br /> <strong>Keywords</strong>: Radical Islamism, fundamentalism, radical Islam, Islamic student, ideology of a Islam, terror, terrorism.</p><p> </p><p> </p>