scholarly journals Method for estimating the depth of circulation of thermal and non-thermal waters in the upper crust

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Carlos Alexandrino ◽  
Fábio Pinto Viera ◽  
Valiya M. Hamza
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Thermal Waters ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Upper Crust ◽  
Natural Consequence ◽  
Darcy Velocity ◽  
Borborema Province ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Geological Units ◽  
Parnaíba Basin

In this work we consider model formulations that allow better understandings of the relations between Darcy velocity and temperatures in coupled two-dimensional systems. The revised theoretical formulations are capable of accounting for the effects of heat transfer by fluid movements in horizontal and vertical directions. The models have been found useful in estimating the maximum and minimum depths of thermal and non-thermal waters in several geological units in Brazil. The best fitting values encountered are 1.8 to 2.7 km for the Paraná basin, 2.0 to 2.8 km for the Parnaiba basin, 1.6 to 2.3 km for the Amazon basins, 2.0 to 2.7 km for the San Francisco Province, 1.9 to 2.4 km for the Sergipe-Alagoas basins and 2.0 to 2.8 km for the Borborema Province. The models have also allowed estimation the average values of Péclet number and Darcy velocity for groundwater flows in these units. Note that higher horizontal velocities are associated with smaller depths of circulation. This is a natural consequence of the fact that in systems where horizontal velocities are high the quantities of vertical flows are less intense.

Effects of local geological conditions in the San Francisco Bay region on ground motions and the intensities of the 1906 earthquake

1976 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Borcherdt ◽  
James F. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Seismic Zonation ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Geological Units

abstract Measurements of ground motion generated by nuclear explosions in Nevada have been completed for 99 locations in the San Francisco Bay region, California. The recordings show marked amplitude variations in the frequency band 0.25 to 3.0 Hz that are consistently related to the local geological conditions of the recording site. The average spectral amplifications observed for vertical and horizontal ground motions are, respectively: (1, 1) for granite, (1.5, 1.6) for the Franciscan Formation, (3.0, 2.7) for the Santa Clara Formation, (3.3, 4.4) for alluvium, and (3.7, 11.3) for bay mud. Spectral amplification curves define predominant ground frequencies in the band 0.25 to 3.0 E for bay mud sites and for some alluvial sites. Amplitude spectra computed from recordings of seismic background noise at 50 sites do not generally define predominant ground frequencies. The intensities ascribed to various sites in the San Francisco Bay region for the California earthquake of April 18, 1906, are strongly dependent on distance from the zone of surface faulting and the geological character of the ground. Considering only those sites (approximately one square city block in size) for which there is good evidence for the degree of ascribed intensity, the intensities for 917 sites on Franciscan rocks generally decrease with the logarithm of distance as Intensity = 2 . 6 9 - 1 . 9 0 log ( Distance in kilometers ) . ( 1 ) For sites on other geological units, intensity increments, derived from this empirical relation, correlate strongly with the Average Horizontal Spectral Amplifications (AHSA) according to the empirical relation Intensity Increment = 0 . 2 7 + 2 . 7 0 log ( AHSA ) . ( 2 ) Average intensity increments predicted for the various geological units are −0.3 for granite, 0.2 for the Franciscan Formation, 0.6 for the Great Valley sequence, 0.8 for the Santa Clara Formation, 1.3 for alluvium, and 2.4 for bay mud. The maximum intensity map predicted on the basis of these data delineates areas in the San Francisco Bay region of potentially high intensity for large earthquakes on either the San Andreas fault or the Hayward fault. The map provides a crude form of seismic zonation for the region and may be useful for certain general types of land-use zonation.

Application of Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Technique to Semiconducting Composite Materials

2005 ◽  
Vol 475-479 ◽  
pp. 1097-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ogawa ◽  
H. Niwa ◽  
Hiroshi Okuda ◽  
Shojiro Ochiai
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Angle Scattering ◽  
Two Dimensional Model ◽  
Scattering Technique ◽  
Best Fitting

Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering (GI-SAXS) technique was applied to self-assembled Ge islands capped with Si. GI-SAXS has a merit over TEM and AFM that the structure of islands buried in a cap layer for stabilization can be evaluated nondestructively. By analyzing the scattering patterns, the size of Ge islands was estimated to be about 5 nm in height and 26 nm in diameter, with the islands density of 4.2×1014/m2. From the best fitting of two-dimensional model intensity to the experiments, the shape of the islands was deduced

scholarly journals From "Interactive Generative Formations" to "Interaction with Technological Organism"

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Svetoslav Kosev ◽  
◽  
Atanas Markov ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Natural Consequence ◽  
Interactive Art ◽  
Interactive Installation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Look ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

The installation "Interacting with a technological organism" is a natural consequence of two previous interactive projects, namely "Interactive Generative Formations" and "Virtual Arena". The most significant difference is that for the first two projects, the events occur on a two-dimensional plane on which images are projected. The aesthetics of the objects are specified in advance, and the movement of the spectators, which are participators as well, is captured by a sensor. In this way, observers change the look of dynamic images, becoming an active part of their aesthetics. With the project "Interaction with a technological organism", we leave the area of two-dimensional and move into three-dimensional space. The space in which the events take place is sized: 500x500x350 cm. During discussions, the authors came up with the idea to imitate a living organism that reacts to approaching. Keywords: interactive art, interactive installation

scholarly journals The results of deep magnetotelluric sounding for studying the Nha Trang - Tanh Linh fault

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4B) ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
Vo Thanh Son ◽  
Le Huy Minh ◽  
Nguyen Hong Phuong ◽  
Guy Marquis ◽  
Nguyen Ha Thanh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Crust ◽  
Magnetotelluric Sounding ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Upper Crust ◽  
Remarkable Change ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Deep Fault ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Resistivity Model ◽  
2D Resistivity

The profile of deep magnetotelluric sounding (MT) from Duc Trong - Tuy Phong has been carried out in Lam Dong and Binh Thuan  provinces. The length of the Duc Trong - Tuy Phong profile is about 80 km with 15 stations and the distance between the stations measures about 5 km. Two-dimensional MT inversion was used to find a resistivity model that fits the data. The 2D resistivity model allows determining position and development formation of the Nha Trang - Tanh Linh  fault. This is the deep fault, which is showed by the boundaries of remarkable change of resistivity. In the near surface of the Earth (from ground to the depth of 6 km), the angle of inclination of this fault is about 60o; in the next part, the direction of the Nha Trang - Tanh Linh  faut is vertical. Geoelectrical section of the Nha Trang - Tanh Linh  profile shows that the resistivity of mid-crust is higher than that of lower-crust and of upper-crust.

scholarly journals How to draw the line in biomedical research

eLife ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Huang ◽  
Amir Rattner ◽  
Han Liu ◽  
Jeremy Nathans
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Scatter Plot ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
The Relationship

The use of the least squares method to calculate the best-fitting line through a two-dimensional scatter plot typically requires the user to assume that one of the variables depends on the other. However, in many cases the relationship between the two variables is more complex, and it is not valid to say that one variable is independent and the other is dependent. When analysing such data researchers should consider plotting the three regression lines that can be calculated for any two-dimensional scatter plot.

From the Cradle to the Grave: Visualizing the Life Cycle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy K. DeFalco Lippert
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Upper Echelon ◽  
Nineteenth Century America ◽  
Significant Events

Images were so bound up with the concept of mortality, and such potent reminders of the unceasing and irreversible onslaught of time, that they soon came to play a critical role as markers along the key junctures of both individual and family lifespans in nineteenth-century America. They commemorated births, deaths, and everything in between. The residents of a far-flung city like San Francisco were all the more reliant on two-dimensional substitutes for their absent kin. Painted portraits and miniatures had previously served similar functions as documentation of significant events or achievements, but only as mediated by an artist’s hand, with a limited replication and distribution capacity, and primarily for a small upper echelon of the population. It was fitting that photography, the most democratic of all media, should preserve memories of loved ones after their demise—death being among the most democratic of life experiences.

Positive and Negative Affect in Children Living in Refugee Camps

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Veronese ◽  
Alessandro Pepe
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Military Violence ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Palestinian Children ◽  
Correlated Factors

In the present study, we assessed the psychometric proprieties of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale–Child Version (PANAS-C) in a large sample of Palestinian children ( N = 1,376) of different age ranges living in refugee camps. In particular, we used standard confirmatory factor analysis to test competing factor structures for the PANAS-C, with a view to developing a stable version of the instrument, suitable for speedy administration in applied and research settings in the contexts of military violence. Four alternative models of the PANAS-C were evaluated: unidimensional; two-dimensional with independent PA and NA scales and covariance of item-level errors unallowed; two-dimensional with dependent PA and NA scales and covariance of item-level errors unallowed; and two-dimensional with dependent PA and NA scales and covariance of item-level errors. The results of the statistical analysis supported a 20-item measurement model comprising the PANAS-C20 Arabic version for children. The items in this best fitting model loaded on two different and negatively correlated factors. These findings encourage full adoption of the PANAS-C20 as a tool for assessing both PA and NA in Palestinian children living in contexts of warfare.

scholarly journals Accretion Disk Evolution

1987 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 293-302
Author(s):  
G.T. Bath
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Accretion Disk ◽  
Axial Symmetry ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Natural Consequence ◽  
Dwarf Novae ◽  
Evolution Time ◽  
Disk Evolution

AbstractThree aspects of mass transfer instability models of dwarf novae are examined. The hydrodynamic development of instabilities in the secondary are examined within Roche geometry and shown to extend at least a few degrees away from the line of centres. The form of the outburst light curves observed in SS Cygni are shown to be a natural consequence of mass transfer bursts with a duration either less than, or greater than, the disk viscous timescale. Finally the two-dimensional structure of the disc in the plane of the orbit is studied. As with α-disks the viscous evolution time following a burst of mass transfer determines the size of viscosity within the disk. Significant deviations from axial symmetry are found to be present.

Spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
Th. Schmidt-Kaler
Keyword(s):  
Progress Report ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Objective Prism ◽  
Made In

I should like to give you a very condensed progress report on some spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra made in collaboration with H. Leicher at Bonn. The procedure used is almost completely automatic. The measurements are made with the help of a semi-automatic fully digitized registering microphotometer constructed by Hög-Hamburg. The reductions are carried out with the aid of a number of interconnected programmes written for the computer IBM 7090, beginning with the output of the photometer in the form of punched cards and ending with the printing-out of the final two-dimensional classifications.

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