scholarly journals Reconstruction of the late first millennium AD harbor site of Sembiran and analysis of its tradeware

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambra Calo ◽  
Ian Moffat ◽  
David Bulbeck ◽  
Marie-France Dupoizat ◽  
Kleanthis Simyrdanis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Dense Network ◽  
Subsurface Structures ◽  
Island Southeast Asia ◽  
First Millennium

The site of Sembiran on the northern coast of Bali was an important trading harbor with demonstrated intensive links to the Indian subcontinent, the Western Indian Ocean, and Mainland Southeast Asia between the second century BC and the second century AD. Using a combination of excavation and geophysical survey, we have newly mapped a dense network of subsurface structures, which we interpret to be foundations for harbor infrastructure dated to the eighth to ninth centuries AD that were subsequently covered by shoreline aggradation. An assemblage of eighth to twelfth centuries AD Chinese tradeware in dated contexts from our excavations of these shoreline structures and additional trenches further inland suggests a renewal in trade activities at Sembiran, coinciding with the growth of Chinese maritime trade in Island Southeast Asia.

Early Maritime Contacts Between South and Southeast Asia

1989 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Himanshu Prabha Ray
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Religious Ideology ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
Maritime Networks ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Tin Content

An analysis of the archaeological data available in recent years indicates the development of local maritime networks both in peninsular Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent by the middle of the first millennium B.C. By the second-first centuries B.C. these networks formed a part of the larger regional sailing circuit in the Bay of Bengal. Tangible indicators of this are carnelian and glass beads and bronze bowls with a high tin content. A demarcation of these networks is essential, before questions like the organization of trade or the channels through which religious ideology spread, can be explained.

scholarly journals A Novel Sub-Lineage of Chikungunya Virus East/Central/South African Genotype Indian Ocean Lineage Caused Sequential Outbreaks in Bangladesh and Thailand

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1319
Author(s):  
Juthamas Phadungsombat ◽  
Hisham Imad ◽  
Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Emi E. Nakayama ◽  
Sajikapon Kludkleeb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South African ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
East Central ◽  
The Past ◽  
Clock Analysis ◽  
Central South ◽  
Molecular Clock Analysis

In recent decades, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has become geographically widespread. In 2004, the CHIKV East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype moved from Africa to Indian ocean islands and India followed by a large epidemic in Southeast Asia. In 2013, the CHIKV Asian genotype drove an outbreak in the Americas. Since 2016, CHIKV has re-emerged in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. In the present study, CHIKVs were obtained from Bangladesh in 2017 and Thailand in 2019, and their nearly full genomes were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the recent CHIKVs were of Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) of genotype ECSA, similar to the previous outbreak. However, these CHIKVs were all clustered into a new distinct sub-lineage apart from the past IOL CHIKVs, and they lacked an alanine-to-valine substitution at position 226 of the E1 envelope glycoprotein, which enhances CHIKV replication in Aedes albopictus. Instead, all the re-emerged CHIKVs possessed mutations of lysine-to-glutamic acid at position 211 of E1 and valine-to-alanine at position 264 of E2. Molecular clock analysis suggested that the new sub-lineage CHIKV was introduced to Bangladesh around late 2015 and Thailand in early 2017. These results suggest that re-emerged CHIKVs have acquired different adaptations than the previous CHIKVs.

Shallow overturning circulation of the Western Indian Ocean

2005 ◽  
Vol 363 (1826) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich A. Schott
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Southwest Monsoon ◽  
The Other ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Northeast Monsoon ◽  
Equatorial Upwelling ◽  
The Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean differs from the other two oceans in not possessing an eastern equatorial upwelling regime. Instead, the upwelling occurs dominantly in the northwestern Arabian Sea and, to a lesser degree, around the Indian subcontinent. Subduction, on the other hand, occurs dominantly in the Southern Hemisphere. The result is a shallow Cross–Equatorial Cell connecting both regimes. The northward flow at thermocline levels occurs as part of the Somali Current and the southward upper–layer return flow is carried by the Ekman transports that are directed southward in both hemispheres. The main forcing is by the Southwest Monsoon that overwhelms the effects of the Northeast Monsoon and is the cause for the annual mean Northern Hemisphere upwelling and southward Ekman transports. In the Southern Hemisphere, the annual mean upwelling at the northern rim of the Southeast Trades causes a zonally extended open–ocean upwelling regime that is apparent in isopycnal doming in the 3–12○ S band; it drives a shallow Subtropical Cell.

"Indianization" from the Indian Point of View: Trade and Cultural Contacts with Southeast Asia in the Early First Millennium C.E.

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Smith
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Indian Origin ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Indian Point ◽  
Religious Iconography

AbstractThe idea that Indian "influence" was responsible for the socio-political development of early Southeast Asia is now largely discredited, but the question of the actual impact of early trade between India and Southeast Asia remains. Prior to the fourth century C.E., Indian trade activities with Southeast Asia appear to have been relatively infrequent, when assessed through the number of items of Indian origin recovered, and the incentives for such trade from the Indian point of view. After the fourth century, the adoption of subcontinental traditions - religious iconography, Sanskrit terminology, coinage, and terms identifying leaders - is seen throughout the area of Southeast Asia, from Bangladesh to Cambodia, Malaysia and Thailand as well as the larger Indonesian islands. Subcontinental traditions became attractive at this time because of the advent of strong political entities in the Indian subcontinent, notably the Guptas, which produced coherent models of political, social and religious organization. Although such models were also available from neighboring China, apprehension about Chinese expansion led the rulers of emergent chiefdoms in Southeast Asia to prefer the adoption of Indian political and religious iconography.

Maritime Buddhism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Acri
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South India ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Outlying Regions

The spread of Buddhism across Asia has been studied mainly from a perspective focusing on the transmission through the overland routes popularly known as “Silk Roads” and emphasizing Central Asia as an important transit corridor and contact zone between South and East Asia. However, recent scholarship has increasingly recognized the significant role played by the sea routes or maritime “Silk Roads” in shaping premodern intra-Asian connectivity. This has paved the way for an appreciation of the important contribution of the southern rim of Asia—especially South India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia—to the genesis, transformation, and circulation of various forms of Buddhism. Evidence of the long-distance transfer of Buddhism from its northeastern Indian cradle to the outlying regions of South India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and China via the maritime routes goes back to the early centuries of the Current Era. From the 5th century onward, written and material vestiges from the southern rim of Asia became more substantial, testifying to an efflorescence of long-distance maritime contacts that were to last several centuries. As is shown by textual, epigraphic, and art historical materials—including icons, ritual accoutrements, dhāraṇīs, manuscripts, and monuments—Buddhist cults, imaginaries, and ritual technologies flourished across the vast swathe of littoral, island, and hinterland territory that can be conceptualized as the sociospatial grouping of “Maritime Asia.” Buddhist vestiges recovered from the Indian Subcontinent littorals, Sri Lanka, the Maldives Islands, peninsular and coastal mainland Southeast Asia, and what are now called the Indonesian Archipelago and the Philippine islands, speak in favor of the existence of pervasive and sustained multidirectional Buddhist exchanges among interconnected nodes linking South Asia and the Western Indian Ocean to China, Korea, and Japan through the maritime routes. A polycentric, geographically wide, and maritime-based approach is necessary to fully appreciate how religious, mercantile, and diplomatic networks acted as catalysts for transmission of Buddhism far and wide across Asia over nearly two millennia.

The genus Afzelia and the Belitung ship

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN G. HAW
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Eastern Indian Ocean ◽  
Construction Technique

AbstractIt has been claimed that the ninth-century shipwreck found near the island of Belitung, Indonesia, is that of an Arabian ship. The evidence for this is examined in detail, and found to be less than convincing. The identifications of samples of wood from the wreck are shown to be unreliable at species level. The construction technique of the ship appears to resemble that of the eastern Indian Ocean, not the western Indian Ocean. Various items from the wreck connect it with Southeast Asia: a piloncito coin probably came from Java. Very little from the ship suggests any link at all with the western Indian Ocean. Overall, the strongest probability is that the ship was built in Southeast Asia.

scholarly journals Marine Reservoir Corrections for the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia

Radiocarbon ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Southon ◽  
Michaele Kashgarian ◽  
Michel Fontugne ◽  
Bernard Metivier ◽  
Wyss W-S Yim
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Pacific Waters ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Reservoir Age ◽  
The Western Pacific

We have measured radiocarbon in prebomb known-age shells and coral from the Indian Ocean and southeast Asia to determine marine reservoir age corrections. Western Indian Ocean results show a strong 14C depletion due to upwelling in the Arabian Sea, and indicate that this signal is advected over a wide area to the east and south. In contrast, the surface waters of the South China Sea contain relatively high levels of 14C, due in part to the input of well-equilibrated water masses from the western Pacific. The easternmost regions of the Indian Ocean are also strongly influenced by the flowthrough of Pacific waters north of Australia.

The meteorology of the Western Indian Ocean, and the influence of the East African Highlands

2005 ◽  
Vol 363 (1826) ◽  
pp. 25-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Slingo ◽  
Hilary Spencer ◽  
Brian Hoskins ◽  
Paul Berrisford ◽  
Emily Black
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
East African ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
African Highlands ◽  
East African Highlands

This paper reviews the meteorology of the Western Indian Ocean and uses a state–of–the–art atmospheric general circulation model to investigate the influence of the East African Highlands on the climate of the Indian Ocean and its surrounding regions. The new 44–year re–analysis produced by the European Centre for Medium range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) has been used to construct a new climatology of the Western Indian Ocean. A brief overview of the seasonal cycle of the Western Indian Ocean is presented which emphasizes the importance of the geography of the Indian Ocean basin for controlling the meteorology of the Western Indian Ocean. The principal modes of inter–annual variability are described, associated with El Niño and the Indian Ocean Dipole or Zonal Mode, and the basic characteristics of the subseasonal weather over the Western Indian Ocean are presented, including new statistics on cyclone tracks derived from the ECMWF re–analyses. Sensitivity experiments, in which the orographic effects of East Africa are removed, have shown that the East African Highlands, although not very high, play a significant role in the climate of Africa, India and Southeast Asia, and in the heat, salinity and momentum forcing of the Western Indian Ocean. The hydrological cycle over Africa is systematically enhanced in all seasons by the presence of the East African Highlands, and during the Asian summer monsoon there is a major redistribution of the rainfall across India and Southeast Asia. The implied impact of the East African Highlands on the ocean is substantial. The East African Highlands systematically freshen the tropical Indian Ocean, and act to focus the monsoon winds along the coast, leading to greater upwelling and cooler sea–surface temperatures.

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