scholarly journals Abstract Numeric Relations and the Visual Structure of Algebra

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Landy ◽  
David Brookes ◽  
Ryan Smout
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
Story Problems ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Representation Systems ◽  
Visual Structure ◽  
Selection Of

We propose that construction processes involve an alignment of notational structures across representation systems, biasing reasoners toward the selection of formal notations that maintain the visuo-spatial structure of source representations. For example, in the statement “There are five elephants for every three rhinoceroses,” the spatial proximity of “five” and “elephants; and “three” and “rhinoceroses” will bias reasoners to write the incorrect expression 5E = 3R because that expression maintains the spatial relationships encoded in the source representation. In three experiments, participants construct equations with given structure, based on story problems with a variety of phrasings. We demonstrate how the notational alignment approach accounts naturally for a variety of previously reported phenomena in equation construction, and successfully predicts error patterns that are not accounted for by prior explanations such as the “left to right transcription heuristic.”

scholarly journals Effective Stereo Matching with Segment-based Cost Aggregation and Dual-path Refinement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Shuan Huang ◽  
Ya-Han Huang ◽  
Din-Yuen Chan ◽  
Jar-Ferr Yang
Keyword(s):  
Stereo Matching ◽  
Texture Features ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Depth Maps ◽  
Cost Aggregation ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Color Similarity ◽  
Matching Cost ◽  
Iterative Procedures ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Stereo matching is one of the most important topics in computer vision and aims at generating precise depth maps for various applications. The main challenge of stereo matching is to suppress inevitable errors occurring in smooth, occluded and discontinuous regions. To solve the aforementioned problems, in this paper, the proposed robust stereo matching system by using segment-based superpixels and magapixels to design adaptive stereo matching computation and dual-path refinement. After determination for edge and smooth regions and selection of matching cost, we suggest the segment–based adaptive support weights in cost aggregation instead of color similarity and spatial proximity only. The proposed dual-path depth refinements utilize the cross-based support region by referring texture features to correct the inaccurate disparities with iterative procedures to improve the depth maps for shape reserving. Specially for left-most and right most regions, the segment-based refinement can greatly improve the mismatched disparity holes. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system can obtain higher accurate depth maps compared with the conventional methods.

scholarly journals Shape Reserved Stereo Matching with Segment-based Cost Aggregation and Dual-path Refinement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Shuan Huang ◽  
Ya-Han Huang ◽  
Din-Yuen Chan ◽  
Jar-Ferr Yang
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Stereo Matching ◽  
Texture Features ◽  
Depth Estimation ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Depth Maps ◽  
Cost Aggregation ◽  
Color Similarity ◽  
Adaptive Support ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Stereo matching is one of the most important topics in computer vision and aims at generating precise depth maps for various smart applications. The major challenge of stereo matching is to suppress inevitable errors occurring in smooth, occluded and discontinuous regions. In this paper, we propose a robust stereo matching system, which is based on segment-based superpixels, to design adaptive matching computation and dual-path refinement. After the selection of matching costs, we suggest the segment-based adaptive support weights for cost aggregation, instead of color similarity and spatial proximity, to achieve precise depth estimation. Then, the proposed dual-path depth refinement, which refers the texture features in a cross-based support region, corrects the inaccurate disparities to successively refine the depth maps with shape reserving. Specially for left-most and right most regions, the segment-based refinement can greatly improve the mismatched disparity holes. The experimental results show that the proposed system achieves higher accurate depth maps than the conventional stereo matching methods.

Toward comparative polycentricity scores: Assessing variations in regional delineation and subcenter identification

2021 ◽  
pp. 239980832110657
Author(s):  
Ryan Thomas ◽  
Stephan Schmidt ◽  
Stefan Siedentop
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Spatial Structure ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Decision Points ◽  
Statistical Approaches ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Three Phases

Urban spatial structure is increasingly characterized by polycentricity, the presence of multiple interconnected centers of similar size. Polycentricity indicators, which influence research and policies related to urban development, rely on three phases of analysis: (a) delineating regions, (b) identifying subcenters within these regions, and (c) operationalizing polycentricity; and each phase contains decision points for analysts. This paper argues that polycentricity methodologies should be thought of in terms of pathways, then systematically applies 15 such pathways to the case of German regional polycentricity and compares the results. Findings suggest that questions of polycentricity are more robustly measured by comparing across multiple regional delineation methods and selection of subcenters, then looking for signs of agreement or disagreement. When possible, constructing regions from larger areas through bottom-up methods tends to avoid the biases of administratively defined regions. When this is not possible, statistical approaches to subcenter identification can serve as a check to avoid forced selection of subcenters in poorly defined regions.

Implicationally Related Error Patterns and the Selection of Treatment Targets

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Dinnsen ◽  
Kathleen M. O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Treatment Targets ◽  
Principled Explanation ◽  
Selection Of

This paper compares some of the different claims that have been made concerning acquisition by traditional rule-based derivational theories and the more recent framework of optimality theory. Case studies of children with phonological delays are examined with special attention given to two seemingly independent error patterns, namely, place harmony and spirantization. Contrary to the expectations of derivational theories, these (and other) error patterns are argued to be implicationally related. Optimality theory is shown to offer a principled explanation for the facts with novel implications for clinical treatment.

scholarly journals Educational Expansion, Social Class, and Choosing Latin as a Strategy of Distinction

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 306-321
Author(s):  
Jürgen Gerhards ◽  
Ulrich Kohler ◽  
Tim Sawert
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Educational Expansion ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Acyclic Graphs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract In times of educational expansion, privileged families are looking for new strategies of distinction. Referring to Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of distinction, we argue that choosing Latin at school – a language that is no longer spoken and therefore has no direct value – is one of the strategies of privileged families to set themselves apart from less privileged families. Based on two surveys we conducted at German schools, the paper analyzes the relationship between parents’ educational background and the probability that their child will learn Latin. Results indicate that historically academic families have the strongest tendency towards learning Latin, followed by new academic families, and leaving behind the non-academic families. We distinguish between four causal mechanisms that might help to explain these associations: cultural distinction, selecting a socially exclusive learning environment, beliefs in a secondary instrumental function of learning Latin, and spatial proximity between the location of humanist Gymnasiums and the residential areas of privileged families. The hypotheses are formalized by means of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG). Findings show that the decision to learn Latin is predominately an unintended consequence of the selection of a socially exclusive learning environment. In addition, there is evidence that especially children from historically academic families learn Latin as a strategy of cultural distinction.

scholarly journals Spatial proximity as a factor in the selection of marriage

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Yem N. ◽  
◽  
Kudaibergenova R. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals Lokalizacja współczesnych cmentarzy komunalnych w Polsce

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-106
Author(s):  
Anna Długozima
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Landscape Architecture ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Spatial Extent ◽  
Protection Zone ◽  
Urbanized Areas ◽  
Selection Of

Location of contemporary communal cemeteries in Poland The main purpose of this paper is to characterise contemporary communal cemeteries and to develop a typology of these facilities from the point of view of its location. The main criteria for the selection of cemeteries were the date of creation (1999–2019) and the communal status of objects. Literature studies in the fields of spatial planning, landscape architecture, geography, sociology and an analysis of legal acts including planning acts were the bases for developing evaluation criteria in the aspect of cemeteries location. The location of cemeteries in relation to: natural system, accessibility, functional and spatial structure of settlement units and religious facilities was characterized. The spatial extent of the research covered cemeteries within their boundaries along with the sanitary protection zone (150 m). Field studies were carried out in July and August 2019. The research showed that out of 63 cemeteries, most are established within the administrative boundaries of cities, but in their suburban, non-urbanized areas. Models of communal cemeteries were developed due to their location.

scholarly journals Spatial-ontogenetic structure of Globularia bisnagarica L. (Plantaginaceae) cenopopulations

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-346
Author(s):  
Anna O. Kondratieva ◽  
◽  
Alena S. Parkhomenko ◽  
Alexandr S. Kashin ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mutual Arrangement ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
Orenburg Region ◽  
Recovery Index ◽  
Ontogenetic Structure ◽  
The Republic

The results of studying the spatial-ontogenetic structure of five cenopopulations of Globularia bisnagarica L. on the territory of the Orenburg region and the Republic of Tatarstan are presented. Analysis of the age structure using the OntoParam program algorithm revealed the heterogeneity of ontogenetic spectra in most cenopopulations. Assessment of the parameters of average age, recovery index and ageing index showed that most cenopopulations are capable of self-restoration and maintenance of numerosity. Analysis of spatial structure taking into account the ontogenetic state of individuals showed that the spatial relationships between pregenerative and generative individuals is random in most cases, which indicates the absence of any pronounced interactions between plants from these age groups. In the cenopopulation from Severny district of the Orenburg region, there is a slight sparseness in the mutual arrangement of pregenerative and generative individuals, which may be due to the influence of intraspecific competition.

The Study of Spatial Autocorrelation of the Land Consolidation in Lubelskie Voivodeship

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Dudzinska
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
National Average ◽  
Land Consolidation ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
Neighbouring Area ◽  
The Subject

In Poland land consolidation is carried out mainly in the southern part of the country. In three voivodships, Lublin Voivodship, Podkarpackie Voivodship and Lesser Poland Voivodship, in the years 2003–2014 there were numerous land consolidations, over 20,000 ha in each voivodship. That is above national average of land consolidation. In another three voivodships (Warmian-Masurian Voivodship, West Pomeranian Voivodship and The Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship) there are no land consolidation, even though according to scientists from the Polish, every voivodship requires land consolidations processes. What is the reason for that situation? Why are so many land consolidations conducted in the area of several voivodships in Poland, and in other voivodships considerably less or not at all? It is known that the location of the implementation of agricultural land consolidations in a particular area is determined by numerous factors, inter alia the construction of line infrastructural projects i.e. motorways, faulty spatial structure found in a particular area, and farmers in Poland applying for the implementation of this project. It is also known that the neighbourhood of the implementation of these works is of significance. Situations are observed in which the appearance of one consolidation object contributes to the development of this measure in the neighbouring area. However, there is no empirical evidence to support this view. Therefore, the subject of considerations will be the investigation into the occurrence of spatial relationships between consolidation objects. Two variables were adopted for the analysis, namely the number and density of consolidations. In order to determine the relationships, spatial autocorrelation was applied.

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