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Published By Uniwersytet Jagiellonski €“ Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego

2083-3113, 1644-3586

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Mirosław Wylon

Problems of city definition and urban population in the People’s Republic of China Present urbanization processes are characterized by unusual spontaneity, reflected in numerous problems in defining urban population and determining real city boundaries. Of particular interest, from a scientific point of view, is the case of China, where a considerable dynamics of socio-economic transformations, as ell as political and administrative issues are reflected in a complex urban structure. Serious complications in determining the real Chinese urban population number, or determining real city boundaries are the complicated administrative division, manifested by an unnatural size of the cities, and the inclusion of rural population under their urban jurisdiction. In addition, the question of social duality between the countryside and the city,caused by the Hukou register system, seriously hampers estimations of a city resident number. Mass migration from the countryside to cities, in most cases without updating the Hukou system, resulted in a lack of complete and accepted statistics concerning the population of Chinese cities. It is also worth mentioning, that rural migrants in urban areas are often a secondary category of citizens facing socio-economic discrimination, leading to a visible and tangible polarization among Chinese urban residents.


2021 ◽  
pp. 75-90
Author(s):  
Monika Cepil

Influx of population to the Frederician colonies in central Poland and its subsequent transformations The author made an attempt to present the demographic aspects of the Frederician colonization in central Poland within the present Łódź Voivodeship. In the first section of the paper, analyses in the field of historical geography dealt with the formation of colonies at the turn of the 18/19th century. Based on archival sources, the dynamics, number and origin of incoming population were shown. The second section of the paper contains an analysis of the demographic development of Frederician settlements till their end in 1945. The research included e. g. comparisons of the lists of German settlers drawn up for selected time periods.


2021 ◽  
pp. 23-52
Author(s):  
Andrzej A. Marsz ◽  
Anna Styszyńska

Changes in sunshine duration in Poland and their causes (1966–2018) The study discusses changes in the sunshine duration in Poland, occurring in the years 1966–2018. The main analysis was carried out on a series of annual area sunshine duration, calculated from 11 stations, distributed relatively evenly throughout the area of Poland (variable UPLRK). A discontinuity was found in the course of UPLRK, consisting a quantum leap of this value in the years 1987–1989, and then the appearance of a statistically significant positive trend in the course of UPLRK. A change in the course of UPLRK and the total change in the sunshine duration regime occurred at the moment of change in ‘circulation epochs’, characterized by a change in the frequency structure of the mid-tropospheric circulation of macro-types W, E and C according to the Wangengejm-Girs classification. The frequency of these macro-types, by controlling the variability of the lower circulation (SLP fields), controls changes in sunshine duration. An increase in the frequency of the W macro-type, with which the UPLRK values are positively correlated, and a simultaneous decrease in the frequency of the E macro-type, with which sunshine duration is negatively correlated, which occurred at the time of change of macro-circulation epochs in 1987–1989, resulted in corresponding changes in the behavior of the sunshine duration process in Poland. Changes in the frequencies of the W and E macro-types are controlled by changes in the distribution of heat resources in particular waters of the North Atlantic. These changes are controlled by changes in the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation (NA THC). As a result, the changes in the UPLRK observed in the years 1966–2018 reconstruct changes in both the macro-circulation conditions in the Atlantic-European circulation sector and changes in the NA THC phases. This allows for a conclusion that the variability of UPLRK is a result of the internal dynamics of the climate system, and not, as it has been believed so far, the effects of anthropogenic changes in the concentration of aerosols in the atmosphere. Zarys treści: W pracy omówiono zmiany usłonecznienia rzeczywistego nad Polską, zachodzące w latach 1966–2018. Zasadniczą analizę przeprowadzono dla szeregu rocznego usłonecznienia obszarowego, obliczonego z 11 stacji względnie równomiernie rozłożonych na obszarze Polski (zmienna UPLRK). Stwierdzono w przebiegu UPLRK wystąpienie nieciągłości, polegającej na skokowym wzroście tej wielkości w latach 1987–1989, a następnie pojawienia się w nim statystycznie istotnego trendu dodatniego. Zmiana przebiegu UPLRK i całkowita zmiana reżimu usłonecznienia nastąpiła w momencie zmiany „epok cyrkulacyjnych”, charakteryzowanych przez zmianę struktury frekwencji makrotypów cyrkulacji środkowotroposferycznej W, E i C według klasyfikacji Wangengejma-Girsa. Frekwencja tych makrotypów, poprzez sterowanie zmiennością cyrkulacji dolnej (polami SLP), steruje zmianami usłonecznienia. Wzrost frekwencji makrotypu W, z którym wartości UPLRK skorelowane są dodatnio, i jednoczesny spadek makrotypu E, z którym usłonecznienie skorelowane jest ujemnie, jaki nastąpił w momencie zmiany epok makrocyrkulacyjnych w latach 1987–1989, pociągnął za sobą odpowiednie zmiany zachowania się przebiegu usłonecznienia nad Polską. Zmiany frekwencji makrotypów W oraz E sterowane są przez zmiany rozkładu zasobów ciepła w poszczególnych akwenach Atlantyku Północnego. Tymi zmianami sterują zmiany cyrkulacji termohalinowej na Atlantyku Północnym (NA THC). W rezultacie obserwowane w latach 1966–2018 zmiany UPLRK odtwarzają zmiany zarówno warunków makrocyrkulacyjnych w atlantycko-europejskim sektorze cyrkulacyjnym, jak i zmiany faz NA THC. Pozwala to na twierdzenie, że zmienność UPLRK stanowi rezultat działania wewnętrznej dynamiki systemu klimatycznego, a nie stanowi, jak do tej pory się uważa, skutków antropogenicznych zmian koncentracji aerozoli w atmosferze.


2021 ◽  
pp. 69-89
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Michnicka ◽  
Krzysztof Kołodziejczyk

Perception of automotive tourism and motivations of visitors to automotive museums and participants of automotive events The aim of the article is to present the results of research on perception of automotive tourism and tourists’ motivations to participate in this form of mobility. The authors propose to define automotive tourism as a form of tourism in which the aim and travellers’ motivation is to visit places related to the automotive industry, important for its development and history. So far, research on this issue has been insufficient. The survey was conducted in the summer season of tourist movement in 2019 among 194 visitors to automobile museums and 217 participants of automotive events. The most frequently indicated motivations for participation in automotive tourism were interests, curiosity, willingness to spend time with the family and to spend free time generally, but also the willingness to be an active participant in the event was often chosen. The understanding of the definition of automotive tourism proposed by the authors is shared by about half of the respondents, but a large part understands it in the context of traveling by car or motorcycle in order to reach a tourist attraction, which in the literature is usually referred to as car or drive tourism. Automotive tourism shows strong connections with cultural, family and event tourism. Zarys treści: Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników badań motywacji osób uczestniczących w turystyce motoryzacyjnej oraz postrzegania tej formy turystyki. Autorzy proponują definiować turystykę motoryzacyjną jako formę turystyki, w której celem i motywacją podróżujących jest odwiedzenie miejsc związanych z motoryzacją, ważnych dla jej rozwoju i historii. Dotychczas badania prowadzone w tej problematyce są w opinii autorów niewystarczające. Badania ankietowe zostały przeprowadzone w sezonie letnim ruchu turystycznego w 2019 r. wśród 194 osób odwiedzających muzea motoryzacyjne oraz 217 uczestników wydarzeń motoryzacyjnych. Najczęściej wskazywanymi motywacjami uczestnictwa w turystyce motoryzacyjnej były: zainteresowanie motoryzacją, ciekawość, chęć spędzenia czasu z rodziną i czasu wolnego, a także bycie czynnym uczestnikiem wydarzeń. Rozumienie pojęcia turystyki motoryzacyjnej zaproponowane przez autorów podziela mniej więcej połowa respondentów, jednak duża część badanych rozumie ją w kontekście przemieszczania się samochodem lub motocyklem w celu dotarcia do atrakcji turystycznej, co w literaturze zwykle określa się mianem turystyki samochodowej. Turystyka motoryzacyjna wykazuje silne związki z turystyką kulturową, rodzinną i eventową.


2021 ◽  
pp. 27-45
Author(s):  
Dagmara Chylińska

Catholic contemplative monasteries and the consecrated life in Poland in the context of tourism Visiting monasteries and staying there have become an attractive tourist experience shared by numerous tourists and perceived by them as truly “touching and authentic”. Not only is a monastery in itself a subject of tourists’ interest with all of its physical attributes, but also the idea and the specific way of life behind it. In the paper, a special attention was paid to the participation of Polish contemplative monasteries in the so-called “monastic tourism”, in order to establish to what extent this phenomenon is close to religious tourism as well as to different forms of cultural tourism meant in the broad sense. Answers to these questions should lie in the results of a survey conducted among the Polish contemplative monasteries preceded by an analysis of motivations and conditions transforming ‘a monastery’ into a tourist destination (external individual attributes such as history and architecture were rejected).


2021 ◽  
pp. 105-126
Author(s):  
Wanda Biedka

Investments in human capital within the cohesion policy and their impact on regional development The aim of this paper is to systematize the existing literature on the effects of cohesion policy and specifically on the effectiveness of public investments in human capital through typology of research. The conclusions are used to give recommendations both for the academic as well as the public sector. There is a need for long-term statistical and macroeconomic analyses as well as in-depth qualitative research on the quality of interventions and differences between different types of investments. While there is a lot of potential in human capital investments to stimulate regional development, they are not a sole key to success and should rather be considered as part of a horizontal and complex development strategy.


2021 ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Jurczyńska-Kłosok

Chosen valleys and couloirs of the Polish part of the Western Tatra Mountains from the perspective of linguistics and geomorphology The purpose of this article is an interpretation of 145 names of chosen valleys and couloirs of the Polish part of the Western Tatra Mountains. There are solely oronyms, which consist of two main components – valley or couloir and other lexemes that show various characteristics of their designations. The study has shown that the information on the topographic nature of an object that recorded in its name is sometimes not compatible with the given geographic term that assigned to the object. This problem can be shown on the example of names excerpted from the publication Rzeźba Tatr Polskich (1988) by Klimaszewski. These oronyms were compared with names excerpted from the monograph Polskie Tatry Zachodnie (1996) by Kunicki and Szczerba. The objective has been achieved using the classification of toponyms by Kornaszewski (1986) that shows how to discern the motivational meaning of toponyms. Zarys treści: Informacja o charakterze topograficznym danego obiektu utrwalona w jego nazwie nie zawsze jest zbieżna z określeniem, jakie można by mu przypisać, patrząc nań geomorfologicznego punktu widzenia. W celu unaocznienia tego problemu oraz podjęcia próby odpowiedzi na pytanie dotyczące powodu nieprzystawalności toponimu do typu danej formy terenu poddano interpretacji ponad 145 wybranych nazw dolin i żlebów polskiej części Tatr Zachodnich. Onimy wynotowano z pracy Klimaszewskiego pt. Rzeźba Tatr Polskich (1988) i zestawiono z nazwami zawartymi w monografii Polskie Tatry Zachodnie (1996) autorstwa Kunickiego i Szczerby, które dotyczą tych samych desygnatów. Obserwacji poddano wyłącznie te nazwy, których podstawą członów określanych są apelatywy dolina i żleb. Inspiracją klasyfikacji przyjętej w niniejszym artykule jest propozycja Kornaszewskiego (1986) umożliwiająca dostrzeżenie w każdej z nazw motywacji semantycznej leżącej u podstaw procesu nazwotwórczego. Słowa kluczowe: formy terenu, dolina, żleb, motywacja nazewnicza, Tatry Zachodnie


2021 ◽  
pp. 47-74
Author(s):  
Gerard Kosmala ◽  
Dagmara Chylińska

Tourist promotion in the activities of Local Action Groups in Poland The presence of the so-called „Lokalne Grupy Działania” (Local Action Groups, LAGs) has been clearly recognizable in the Polish rural and small-town landscapes for at least a dozen years. By under taking activities on various grounds they obviously support local development, being – at the same time – a source and an effect of local entrepreneurship. According to the principle ”think globally, act locally”, LAGs realize tasks in the field of local tourism development, in terms of tourism facilities, formation of human capital, and tourism promotion. The latter is the goal of the research in this paper. The research resulted in a determination of the broad range of promotional activities and tools used by LAGs. Simultaneously, their effectiveness and the range of influence were evaluated and common good practices in the field of tourism promotion were described. Apart from the generally positive evaluation of tourism promotion provided by LAGs and based on their knowledge on the local tourism potential, specific conditions negatively affecting the durability of results and the period of influence of the promotional message were indicated.


2021 ◽  
pp. 9-25
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Miszuk

Biometeorological conditions of Kłodzko and their influence on climatotherapy and tourism The region of Kłodzko belongs to the most important tourist areas in the Lower Silesia. It is also a very important region in the context of health resorts. Because of significant impact of weather conditions on both tourism and health issues, a crucial aspect is to evaluate the influence of weather on human organism and various forms of climatotherapy, tourism and recreation. The goal of the paper was to evaluate the biometeorological conditions of Kłodzko, considering its bio-thermal conditions as well as the usefulness of weather for climatotherapy, tourism and recreation. The basis for the analysis was meteorological data for 1971–2015 from the IMGW-PIB station in Kłodzko. The evaluation of biometeorological conditions included the bio-thermal index of UTCI and the weather suitability index for tourism and recreation (WSI). The WSI is calculated on the basis of the MENEX model which enables an assessment of the human heat balance. The climate tourism information scheme (CTIS) was also considered. It enables an evaluation of recreational potential with a consideration of bio-thermal conditions and the impact of particular meteorological variables. Based on the mentioned methods, a structure of heat stress categories and the annual course of usefulness of weather for climatotherapy, tourism and recreation were presented. The results of the research showed that weather conditions related to no thermal stress prevail on an annual scale. As for the context of the impact of weather on tourism issues, the best conditions are observed in the warm season, especially in the spring and autumn period. The results of the study can be a source of information for tourists and bathers visiting the region. They can also be a basis for increasing the knowledge on biometeorological conditions of the Sudetes.


2021 ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
Alina Zajadacz ◽  
Josepha Uwamahoro

The purpose of the article is to present the geographical diversity of four national parks in Rwanda (Volcanoes National Park, Akagera National Park, Nyungwe National Park, Gishwati-Mukura National Park), as well as a diversified approach to the ways of sharing them as centers of nature-based tourism. The first part attempts to define nature-based tourism and to outline the characteristics of the geographical environment and the state of tourism development in Rwanda. The natural tourist values of national parks and ways of making them available for tourism were discussed on this background. The study used secondary materials (literature, reports, statistical data) as well as primary materials – results of the field inventory and interviews conducted with employees of the national parks during the geographical field seminar in Rwanda entitled Tourism and the functioning of protected natural areas in overpopulated conditions (January-February 2020). The knowledge and experience of the author who is a native resident of Rwanda was also important in collecting and interpreting data. The conclusions present a synthetic diversity of the geographical environment of Rwanda with regard to three main zones. In addition, the importance of the economic effects of nature-based tourism for many beneficiaries was emphasized: residents, entrepreneurs, the geographical environment of national parks, as well as the state economy. Recommended further research concerns the need to take up issues also in the field of community-based tourism, environmental awareness and attitude of society, and development opportunities for sustainable and responsible tourism in Rwanda. Zróżnicowanie środowiska geograficznego parków narodowych w Rwandzie jako centrów turystyki opartej na walorach przyrodniczych Zarys treści: Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie zróżnicowania środowiska geograficznego czterech parków narodowych w Rwandzie (Volcanoes National Park, Akagera National Park, Nyungwe National Park, Gishwati-Mukura National Park), a także zróżnicowanego podejścia do sposobów ich udostępniania, jako centów turystyki bazującej na walorach przyrodniczych (nature-based tourism). W pierwszej części podjęto próbę zdefiniowania nature-based tourism, oraz przedstawienia w zarysie stanu rozwoju turystyki w Rwandzie. Na tym tle zostały scharakteryzowane przyrodnicze walory turystyczne parków narodowych oraz sposoby ich udostępniania dla turystyki. W opracowaniu wykorzystano materiały wtórne (literaturę, raporty, dane statystyczne), jak również pierwotne – wyniki inwentaryzacji terenowej oraz wywiadów przeprowadzonych z pracownikami parków narodowych podczas geograficznego seminarium terenowego w Rwandzie pt. Turystyka a funkcjonowanie przyrodniczych obszarów chronionych w warunkach przeludnienia (styczeń-luty 2020). Istotne znaczenie w gromadzeniu i interpretacji danych ma również wiedza i doświadczenie autorki będącej rdzennym mieszkańcem Rwandy. W konkluzjach przedstawiono syntetyczne zróżnicowanie środowiska geograficznego Rwandy z uwzględnieniem trzech stref. Ponadto podkreślone zostały efekty ekonomiczne tej formy turystyki dla wielu beneficjentów: mieszkańców, przedsiębiorców, środowiska geograficznego parków narodowych, a także gospodarki państwa. Rekomendowane, dalsze badania powinny dotyczyć takiej problematyki, jak community-based tourism, świadomości i postaw ekologicznych społeczeństwa oraz możliwości rozwoju dla zrównoważonej i odpowiedzialnej turystyki w Rwandzie.


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