scholarly journals Educational Expansion, Social Class, and Choosing Latin as a Strategy of Distinction

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 306-321
Author(s):  
Jürgen Gerhards ◽  
Ulrich Kohler ◽  
Tim Sawert
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Educational Expansion ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Acyclic Graphs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract In times of educational expansion, privileged families are looking for new strategies of distinction. Referring to Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of distinction, we argue that choosing Latin at school – a language that is no longer spoken and therefore has no direct value – is one of the strategies of privileged families to set themselves apart from less privileged families. Based on two surveys we conducted at German schools, the paper analyzes the relationship between parents’ educational background and the probability that their child will learn Latin. Results indicate that historically academic families have the strongest tendency towards learning Latin, followed by new academic families, and leaving behind the non-academic families. We distinguish between four causal mechanisms that might help to explain these associations: cultural distinction, selecting a socially exclusive learning environment, beliefs in a secondary instrumental function of learning Latin, and spatial proximity between the location of humanist Gymnasiums and the residential areas of privileged families. The hypotheses are formalized by means of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG). Findings show that the decision to learn Latin is predominately an unintended consequence of the selection of a socially exclusive learning environment. In addition, there is evidence that especially children from historically academic families learn Latin as a strategy of cultural distinction.

scholarly journals A case study and proposal for publishing directed acyclic graphs: The effectiveness of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in perinatally HIV exposed girls

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruby Barnard-Mayers ◽  
Hiba Kouser ◽  
Jamie A. Cohen ◽  
Katherine Tassiopoulos ◽  
Ellen C. Caniglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Causal Graph ◽  
Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Causal Graphs ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Developing a causal graph is an important step in etiologic research planning and can be used to highlight data flaws and irreparable bias and confounding. Recent findings have suggested that the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is less effective in protection against HPV associated disease in a population of girls living with HIV. Development: In order to understand the relationship between HIV status and HPV vaccine effectiveness, it is important to outline the key assumptions of the causal mechanisms before designing a study to investigate the effect of the HPV vaccine in girls living with HIV infection. Application: We present a causal graph to describe our assumptions and proposed approach to explore this relationship. We hope to obtain feedback on our assumptions prior to data analysis and exemplify the process for designing an etiologic study.Conclusion: The approach we lay out in this paper may be useful for other researchers who have an interest in using causal graphs to describe and assess assumptions in their own research prior to undergoing data collection and/or analysis.

New Method for Bayesian Network Learning

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (02) ◽  
pp. 1959005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Benmouna ◽  
M. Benazzouz ◽  
M. A. Chikh ◽  
S. Mahmoudi
Keyword(s):  
Computation Time ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graphs ◽  
New Method ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Network Learning ◽  
Memory Overhead ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Multiple Data Sets ◽  
Selection Of

This paper presents a new method for learning the structure of Bayesian Networks. Broadly speaking, we leverage the Branch and Bound (B&B) to derive the best Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) that describes the structure of the network. Our contribution consists in introducing two main heuristics: the first one allows the selection of the graph that has the best score among those that contain less cycles, the second one eliminates the shortest cycle from the selected graph; it aims to reduce the number of explored nodes. Our experimental study asserts that the suggested proposal improves the results for multiple data sets. These facts are confirmed by the reduction of the computation time and the memory overhead.

scholarly journals Do the Flexible Employment Arrangements Increase Job Satisfaction and Employee Loyalty? Evidence from Bayesian Networks and Instrumental Variables

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleftherios Giovanis
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Bayesian Networks ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Employee Relations ◽  
Employee Loyalty ◽  
Flexible Employment ◽  
Acyclic Graphs ◽  
The Relationship

This study explores the relationship between job satisfaction, employee loyalty and two types of flexible employment arrangements; teleworking and flexi-time. The analysis relies on data derived by the Workplace Employee Relations Survey (WERS) in 2004 and 2011. A propensity score matching and least squares regressions are applied. Furthermore, Bayesian Networks (BN) and Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) are employed in order to confirm the causality between employment types explored and the outcomes of interest. Finally, an instrumental variables (IV) approach based on the BN framework is proposed and applied in this study. The results support that there is a positive causal effect from these employment arrangements on job satisfaction and employee loyalty.

scholarly journals Mapping the distributive environmental justice of urban waters

2018 ◽  
Vol 196 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-23
Author(s):  
Arto Viinikka ◽  
Riikka Paloniemi ◽  
Timo Assmuth
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
High Educational

In this paper, we identify patterns of distributive environmental justice in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area (HMA) in terms of spatial proximity of urban waters, as a potential provider of a diverse set of environmental goods and well-being. Our focus is on the question how equally these benefits are distributed in HMA? To answer this we apply a GIS-based clustering analysis with spatial statistics to map the good and deprived access of different socio-economic and demographic groups to urban blue. We use income, education, language and age as factors to delineate residential areas and found not only differences in how various population groups are located in the four different municipalities of the HMA, but also differences in group distances to the nearest water areas. Results show that high income and high educational background, Swedish language and high age are factors more frequently related to living closer to water areas. At the same time, children, foreigners, and people having lower economic status tend to live further away from urban blue. This is important knowledge to be integrated into urban planning. The recognition of lacking opportunities suggests more consideration towards these aforementioned population groups to reduce inequality and to ensure just distribution of accessible and usable urban nature in the HMA.

IMPROVEMENT OF SPRING DURUM WHEAT SELECTION METHODOLOGIES UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS

1970 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
А. I. Grabovets ◽  
V. P. Kadushkina ◽  
S. А. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Chemical Mutagenesis ◽  
Main Method ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

With the growing aridity of the climate on the Don, it became necessary to improve the methodology for conducting the  breeding of spring durum wheat. The main method of obtaining the source material remains intraspecific step hybridization. Crossings were performed between genetically distant forms, differing in origin and required traits and properties. The use of chemical mutagenesis was a productive way to change the heredity of genotypes in terms of drought tolerance. When breeding for productivity, both in dry years of research and in favorable years, the most objective markers were identified — the size of the aerial mass, the mass of grain per plant, spike, and harvest index. The magnitude of the correlation coefficients between the yield per unit area and the elements of its structure is established. It was most closely associated with them in dry years, while in wet years it decreased. Power the correlation of the characteristics of the pair - the grain yield per square meter - the aboveground biomass averaged r = 0.73, and in dry years it was higher (0.91) than in favorable ones (0.61 - 0.70) , between the harvest and the harvest index - r = 0.81 (on average). In dry years, the correlation coefficient increased to 0.92. Research data confirms the greatest importance of the mass of grain from one ear and the plant in the formation of grain yield per unit area in both dry and wet years. In dry years, the correlation coefficient between yield and grain mass per plant was on average r = 0.80; in favorable years, r = 0.69. The relationship between yield and grain mass from the ear was greater — r = 0.84 and r = 0.82, respectively. Consequently, the breeding significance of the aboveground mass and the productivity of the ear, as a criterion for the selection of the crop, especially increases in the dry years. They were basic in the selection.

Analisa Pemilihan Moda Transportasi Umum Rute Tanjung Karang – Bandara Radin Inten II Dengan Stated Preference dan Uji Crame’s V

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abi Berkah Nadi
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Utility Function ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
Technical Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Time Headway ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Radin Inten II Airport is a national flight in Lampung Province. In this study using the technical analysis stated preference which is the approach by conveying the choice statement in the form of hypotheses to be assessed by the respondent. By using these techniques the researcher can fully control the hypothesized factors. To determine utility function for model forecasting in fulfilling request of traveler is used regression analysis with SPSS program. The analysis results obtained that the passengers of the dominant airport in the selection of modes of cost attributes than on other attributes. From the result of regression analysis, the influence of independent variable to the highest dependent variable is when the five attributes are used together with the R square value of 8.8%. The relationship between cost, time, headway, time acces and service with the selection of modes, the provision that states whether or not there is a decision. The significance of α = 0.05 with chi-square. And the result of Crame's V test average of 0.298 is around the middle, then the relationship is moderate enough.

A Biomarker Combining Imaging and Neuropsychological Assessment for Tracking Early Alzheimer's Disease in Clinical Trials

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 429-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nishant Verma ◽  
S. Natasha Beretvas ◽  
Belen Pascual ◽  
Joseph C. Masdeu ◽  
Mia K. Markey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Disease Assessment ◽  
Latent Variable Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Background: Combining optimized cognitive (Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale- Cognitive subscale, ADAS-Cog) and atrophy markers of Alzheimer's disease for tracking progression in clinical trials may provide greater sensitivity than currently used methods, which have yielded negative results in multiple recent trials. Furthermore, it is critical to clarify the relationship among the subcomponents yielded by cognitive and imaging testing, to address the symptomatic and anatomical variability of Alzheimer's disease. Method: Using latent variable analysis, we thoroughly investigated the relationship between cognitive impairment, as assessed on the ADAS-Cog, and cerebral atrophy. A biomarker was developed for Alzheimer's clinical trials that combines cognitive and atrophy markers. Results: Atrophy within specific brain regions was found to be closely related with impairment in cognitive domains of memory, language, and praxis. The proposed biomarker showed significantly better sensitivity in tracking progression of cognitive impairment than the ADAS-Cog in simulated trials and a real world problem. The biomarker also improved the selection of MCI patients (78.8±4.9% specificity at 80% sensitivity) that will evolve to Alzheimer's disease for clinical trials. Conclusion: The proposed biomarker provides a boost to the efficacy of clinical trials focused in the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage by significantly improving the sensitivity to detect treatment effects and improving the selection of MCI patients that will evolve to Alzheimer’s disease.

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