scholarly journals Inconsistent Planning and the Allocation of Tasks Over Time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudeep Bhatia ◽  
Megan M Crawford ◽  
Rebecca Louise McDonald ◽  
Miguel A. Moreno ◽  
Daniel Read
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Improving Sequences ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Commitment Device

We test the hypothesis of inconsistent planning proposed by Strotz (1955). In the laboratory, participants allocated time between ‘work’ and ‘leisure’ tasks, and were offered a commitment device. Original plans tended to delay leisure, and to involve a moderate degree of spreading between work and leisure tasks. Most participants preferred commitment over flexibility. Although most were denied commitment, few altered their plans. Those that did make changes tended to further postpone leisure. We find limited evidence of discounting or impatience, contrary to the predictions of most theoretical models of inconsistent planning. Instead, our results imply a preference for improving sequences.

scholarly journals Personality dynamics at work: The effects of form, time, and context of variability

2021 ◽  
pp. 089020702110173
Author(s):  
Nadin Beckmann ◽  
Damian P Birney ◽  
Amirali Minbashian ◽  
Jens F Beckmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
State Data ◽  
The Status ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Trait Variability

The study aimed to investigate the status of within-person state variability in neuroticism and conscientiousness as individual differences constructs by exploring their (a) temporal stability, (b) cross-context consistency, (c) empirical links to selected antecedents, and (d) empirical links to longer term trait variability. Employing a sample of professionals ( N = 346) from Australian organisations, personality state data together with situation appraisals were collected using experience sampling methodology in field and repeatedly in lab-like settings. Data on personality traits, cognitive ability, and motivational mindsets were collected at baseline and after two years. Contingent (situation contingencies) and non-contingent (relative SD) state variability indices were relatively stable over time and across contexts. Only a small number of predictive effects of state variability were observed, and these differed across contexts. Cognitive ability appeared to be associated with state variability under lab-like conditions. There was limited evidence of links between short-term state and long-term trait variability, except for a small effect for neuroticism. Some evidence of positive manifold was found for non-contingent variability. Systematic efforts are required to further elucidate the complex pattern of results regarding the antecedents, correlates and outcomes of individual differences in state variability.

scholarly journals Non-random associations in group housed rats (Rattus norvegicus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Proops ◽  
Camille A. Troisi ◽  
Tanja K. Kleinhappel ◽  
Teresa Romero
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Rat Strains ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Over Time

AbstractEcological factors, such as predation, have traditionally been used to explain sociability. However, it is increasingly recognised that individuals within a group do not associate randomly, and that these non-random associations can generate fitness advantages. The majority of the empirical evidence on differentiated associations in group-living mammals, however, comes from a limited number of taxa and we still know very little about their occurrence and characteristics in some highly social species, such as rats (Rattus spp.). Here, using network analysis, we quantified association patterns in four groups of male fancy rats. We found that the associations between rats were not randomly distributed and that most individuals had significantly more preferred/avoided associates than expected by random. We also found that these preferences can be stable over time, and that they were not influenced by individuals’ rank position in the dominance hierarchy. Our findings are consistent with work in other mammals, but contrast with the limited evidence available for other rat strains. While further studies in groups with different demographic composition are warranted to confirm our findings, the occurrence of differentiated associations in all male groups of rats have important implications for the management and welfare of captive rat populations.

scholarly journals Do organizations learn? Results of a Hungarian longitudinal school-research program

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Kersánszki ◽  
Tibor Baráth ◽  
Ágnes Fazekas
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Learning Organization ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Organization Model ◽  
School Research ◽  
Over Time

Our study was based on the results of longitudinal research conducted between 2015 and 2021, which examined the schools learning organizations and sought to answer the question of what factors may be most decisive in the operation of schools that can effectively support student achievement, and how they change over time. After describing the theoretical models describing the learning organization of schools, the correlations of quantitative data and models and their five-year change are analyzed.It is clear from the data that educators and leaders see shared goals and a vision, and a willingness to take risks and innovate as the most advanced. There is a lack of responsibility and a collaborative atmosphere, and a dimension of knowledge sharing and partnerships. The shift in primary variables and more advanced statistical analyzes predict the emergence of newer learning organization model alternatives that can more accurately describe changes and areas of learning organization dimensions.

scholarly journals IMPROVEMENT OF THE ROUGHNESS FORECASTING MODEL OF COATING OF NON-RIGID ROAD PAVEMENT COATING

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (164) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
A. Batrakova ◽  
H. Sarkisian ◽  
E. Zakharova
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Rigid Pavement ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
Over Time

To ensure safe, comfortable driving at high speeds, a strong, even surface is required for the entire life of the pavement. In this regard, the issue of predicting changes in the equality of coverage over time is very important. The article considers the peculiarities of changing the longitudinal equality of the road surface. Purpose is to improve the model of forecasting the equality of non-rigid pavement. Methods – analytical and experimental. The analysis of existing decisions on the issue of forecasting the equality of coverage is performed. The most important factors influencing the change in the equality of road coverage have been identified. Based on the analysis of theoretical models and a number of experimental data, an improved model for predicting the equality of coverage of non-rigid pavement is proposed. MathCAD and MS Excel were involved in the development of an improved model that takes into account the most important factors. The model of change of coverage roughness, where increase in the roughness index over time is considered as a function of such parameters, is improved: the modulus of pavement elasticity (actual or required); the number of load cycles for t years of pavement operation; the share of trucks in the traffic flow; the factor of safety margin of the pavement structure. The adequacy of the developed model of changing the roughness of coverage is confirmed by statistical processing of experimental data obtained by the thesis author and other researchers on public roads with different service life, and calculated data under the theoretical model. The Pearson correlation coefficient between experimental and calculated data is more than 0.95, which indicates the adequacy of the developed model. Compared to the well-known models of forecasting coverage roughness, the improved model allows to apply a wider range of values of the general equivalent modulus of elasticity of pavement design (from 100 MPa to 600 MPa) and to receive forecast values of roughness for service life of non-rigid pavement over 5 years.

scholarly journals The effect of diffusive nuclear burning in neutron star envelopes on cooling in accreting systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 493 (4) ◽  
pp. 4936-4944
Author(s):  
M J P Wijngaarden ◽  
Wynn C G Ho ◽  
Philip Chang ◽  
Dany Page ◽  
Rudy Wijnands ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Star ◽  
Thermal Evolution ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Light Elements ◽  
Heating Source ◽  
Total Luminosity ◽  
Deep Interior ◽  
Nuclear Burning ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Valuable information about the neutron star (NS) interior can be obtained by comparing observations of thermal radiation from a cooling NS crust with theoretical models. Nuclear burning of lighter elements that diffuse to deeper layers of the envelope can alter the relation between surface and interior temperatures and can change the chemical composition over time. We calculate new temperature relations and consider two effects of diffusive nuclear burning (DNB) for H–C envelopes. First, we consider the effect of a changing envelope composition and find that hydrogen is consumed on short time-scales and our temperature evolution simulations correspond to those of a hydrogen-poor envelope within ∼100 d. The transition from a hydrogen-rich to a hydrogen-poor envelope is potentially observable in accreting NS systems as an additional initial decline in surface temperature at early times after the outburst. Second, we find that DNB can produce a non-negligible heat flux, such that the total luminosity can be dominated by DNB in the envelope rather than heat from the deep interior. However, without continual accretion, heating by DNB in H–C envelopes is only relevant for <1–80 d after the end of an accretion outburst, as the amount of light elements is rapidly depleted. Comparison to crust cooling data shows that DNB does not remove the need for an additional shallow heating source. We conclude that solving the time-dependent equations of the burning region in the envelope self-consistently in thermal evolution models instead of using static temperature relations would be valuable in future cooling studies.

scholarly journals Mean-Variance Analysis of Alternative Hedging Strategies

1972 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Holland ◽  
Wayne D. Purcell ◽  
Terry Hague
Keyword(s):  
Futures Markets ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Spot Price ◽  
Hedging Strategies ◽  
Optimum Position ◽  
Futures Price ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Variance ◽  
Over Time

Much of the research in commodity hedging has concentrated upon the development of theoretical models describing the optimum position in cash and futures markets. Other studies have shown that the difference between current spot price and futures price represents the market price for storage, processing services, or both. The revenue stabilizing potential of futures markets for commodities with continuous as opposed to noncontinuous inventories has also received attention. However, very little work or literature is publicly available on how different hedging strategies actually would have performed for a particular commodity over time.

Longitudinal outcomes associated with significant other responses to chronic fatigue and pain

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 692-702
Author(s):  
Karen B Schmaling ◽  
Jessica L Fales ◽  
Sterling McPherson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Significant Others ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Other ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Longitudinal Outcomes ◽  
Over Time

This study investigated significant others’ behavior associated with fatigue, pain, and mental health outcomes among 68 individuals with chronic fatigue (43% also had fibromyalgia) over 18 months. More negative significant others’ responses were associated with more pain, poorer physical and mental health, and more fatigue-related symptoms over time. More fibromyalgia tender points covaried with more solicitous significant others’ responses over time. Better mental health covaried with more distracting significant others’ responses over time. The results are discussed in terms of theoretical models of the role of perceived significant others’ responses on patient outcomes and recommendations for future research.

A Dynamic Model of Offshore Software Development

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Dedrick ◽  
Erran Carmel ◽  
Kenneth L Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Knowledge Work ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Development Activity ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Economic Concept ◽  
Sourcing Decisions ◽  
Over Time

As the offshoring of knowledge work has accelerated, theoretical models to explain the phenomenon have not kept up. Most theoretical models assume a static transactional relationship from various factors to a binary offshoring decision. Such models do not take into account the mix of sourcing choices at the level of a firm, nor do they consider dynamic changes over time. To help fill these gaps, we use five case studies on offshore migration of software work by major US companies. Data were collected from senior executives. We use these data to develop a dynamic conceptual model that incorporates three factor groupings which collectively help explain offshore sourcing outcomes: (1) economic factors; (2) the nature of the development activity; and (3) managerial capabilities and practices. Importantly, the model includes five feedback loops among sourcing decisions, sourcing mix, and these three factors. Thus, the relationships in the model are not unidirectional, nor static; rather, they are Iterative and dynamic, involving feedback loops, learning, and cumulative effects over time. In this dynamic model, the sourcing ‘mix,’ a continuously changing offshore portfolio, is a key firm-level dependent variable, closer to the economic concept of a ‘stock’ measure that represents the cumulative effect of sourcing decisions over time. This variable may be measured in different ways, for instance as the amount of work done offshore, or the number of workers employed offshore.

scholarly journals The Demand For Community Supported Agriculture

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Polimeni ◽  
Raluca Iorgulescu Polimeni ◽  
Richard L. Shirey ◽  
Christina L. Trees ◽  
W. Scott Trees
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Production Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Supported Agriculture ◽  
Font Size ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Over Time

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.6in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) has undergone both a rapid increase in growth and interest over the last decade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>As such, the amount of literature on the subject has also increased.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>However, there are few, if any, theoretical models of demand on CSA that have been developed from membership data. This paper uses both survey and anecdotal data of members of the Roxbury Biodynamic Farm, the second largest CSA in the United States, to present a theory of demand for CSA membership. Included in the discussion is consideration of the evidence that there is a direct relationship between production method and demand, usually a shibboleth in traditional economic analysis. Further exploration considers the possibility that over time participation influences the very nature of demand for CSA membership, and hypothesizes that this dynamic demand is a necessary but insufficient condition for the sustainability of CSA.</span></span></p>

The Typological Framework of Myths as a Tool for Studying Political Thought

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Rak
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The article proposes a typological framework of myths which applies to empirical research on political thought. The framework introduces three typologies of myths distinguished by a subject criterion. Their subjects are things, people, and animals. Each typology consists of the dyads of antinomic ideal types located on continua by the extent of the valuation of the myth’s subject. The tool will help researchers identify the processes for understanding the revaluation and devaluation of the myth’s subject over time. Furthermore, it enables researchers to determine the extents of the diversification of mythical political thought as well as to distinguish between myths in their morphology. This research tool applies to empirical research because it encompasses the objectively identifiable and verifiable theoretical models consisting of the essential features of myths.

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