scholarly journals Graph Routing Problem Using Euler’s Theorem and Its Applications

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hashnayne Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Graph Theory ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
Euler’S Theorem ◽  
Bridge Problem ◽  
Eulerian Circuit ◽  
History Of ◽  
Proof Techniques ◽  
Modern Era

In this modern era, time and cases related to time is very important to us. For shortening time, Eulerian Circuit canopen a new dimension. In computer science, social science and natural science, graph theory is a stimulating space for thestudy of proof techniques. Graphs are also effective in modeling a variety of optimization cases like routing protocols, networkmanagement, stochastic approaches, street mapping etc. Konigsberg Bridge Problem has seven bridges linked with four islandsdetached by a river in such a way that one can’t walk through each of the bridges exactly once and returning back to thestarting point. Leonard Euler solved it in 1735 which is the foundation of modern graph theory. Euler’s solution forKonigsberg Bridge Problem is considered as the first theorem of Graph Theory which gives the idea of Eulerian circuit. It canbe used in several cases for shortening any path. From the Konigsberg Bridge Problem to ongoing DNA fragmentationproblem, it has its applications. Aiming to build such a dimension using Euler’s theorem and Konigsberg Bridge Problem, thispaper presents about the history of remarkable Konigsberg Bridge Problem, Euler’s Explanation on it, an alternativeexplanation and some applications to Eulerian Circuit using graph routing and Fortran Coding of it.

scholarly journals Graph Routing Problem Using Euler’s Theorem and Its Applications

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hashnayne Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Graph Theory ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
Euler’S Theorem ◽  
Bridge Problem ◽  
Eulerian Circuit ◽  
History Of ◽  
Proof Techniques ◽  
Modern Era

In this modern era, time and cases related to time is very important to us. For shortening time, Eulerian Circuit canopen a new dimension. In computer science, social science and natural science, graph theory is a stimulating space for thestudy of proof techniques. Graphs are also effective in modeling a variety of optimization cases like routing protocols, networkmanagement, stochastic approaches, street mapping etc. Konigsberg Bridge Problem has seven bridges linked with four islandsdetached by a river in such a way that one can’t walk through each of the bridges exactly once and returning back to thestarting point. Leonard Euler solved it in 1735 which is the foundation of modern graph theory. Euler’s solution forKonigsberg Bridge Problem is considered as the first theorem of Graph Theory which gives the idea of Eulerian circuit. It canbe used in several cases for shortening any path. From the Konigsberg Bridge Problem to ongoing DNA fragmentationproblem, it has its applications. Aiming to build such a dimension using Euler’s theorem and Konigsberg Bridge Problem, thispaper presents about the history of remarkable Konigsberg Bridge Problem, Euler’s Explanation on it, an alternativeexplanation and some applications to Eulerian Circuit using graph routing and Fortran Coding of it.

Introducing Graphs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Benjamin ◽  
Gary Chartrand ◽  
Ping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Graph Theory ◽  
Mathematical Structure ◽  
Color Problem ◽  
Bridge Problem ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

This chapter provides an introduction to graphs, a mathematical structure for visualizing, analyzing, and generalizing a situation or problem. It first consider four problems that have a distinct mathematical flavor: the Problem of the Five Princes, the Three Houses and Three Utilities Problem, the Three Friends or Three Strangers Problem, and the Job-Hunters Problem. This is followed by discussion of four problems that are not only important in the history of graph theory, but which led to new areas within graph theory: the Königsberg Bridge Problem, the Four Color Problem, the Polyhedron Problem, and the Around the World Problem. The chapter also explores puzzles and problems involving chess that have connections to graph theory before concluding with an overview of the First Theorem of Graph Theory, which is concerned with what happens when the degrees of all vertices of a graph are added.

Philosophic Pride

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Marcus Aurelius ◽  
Hugo Grotius ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

This is the first full-scale look at the essential place of Stoicism in the foundations of modern political thought. Spanning the period from Justus Lipsius's Politics in 1589 to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile in 1762, and concentrating on arguments originating from England, France, and the Netherlands, the book considers how political writers of the period engaged with the ideas of the Roman and Greek Stoics that they found in works by Cicero, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. The book examines key texts in their historical context, paying special attention to the history of classical scholarship and the historiography of philosophy. The book delves into the persisting tension between Stoicism and the tradition of Augustinian anti-Stoic criticism, which held Stoicism to be a philosophy for the proud who denied their fallen condition. Concentrating on arguments in moral psychology surrounding the foundations of human sociability and self-love, the book details how the engagement with Roman Stoicism shaped early modern political philosophy and offers significant new interpretations of Lipsius and Rousseau together with fresh perspectives on the political thought of Hugo Grotius and Thomas Hobbes. The book shows how the legacy of the Stoics played a vital role in European intellectual life in the early modern era.

The Fall of Tripoli in 1289 in the Perception of Christian Communities of the Middle East

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
К.А. Панченко
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Religious Polemics

Abstract The article examines the conquest of the County of Tripoli by the Mamelukes in 1289, and the reaction of various Middle Eastern ethnoreligious groups to this event. Along with the Monophysite perspective (the Syriac chronicle of Bar Hebraeus’ Continuator and the work of the Coptic historian Mufaddal ibn Abi-l-Fadail), and the propagandist texts of Muslim Arabic panegyric poets, we will pay special attention to the historical memory of the Orthodox (Melkite) and Maronite communities of northern Lebanon. The contemporary of these events — the Orthodox author Suleiman al-Ashluhi, a native of one of the villages of the Akkar Plateau — laments the fall of Tripoli in his rhymed eulogy. It is noteworthy that this author belongs to the rural Melkite subculture, which — in spite of its conservative character — was capable of producing original literature. Suleiman al-Ashluhi’s work was forsaken by the following generations of Melkites; his poem was only preserved in Maronite manuscripts. Maronite historical memory is just as fragmented. The father of the Modern Era Maronite historiography — Gabriel ibn al-Qilaʿî († 1516) only had fragmentary information on the history of his people in the 13th century: local chronicles and the heroic epos that glorified the Maronite struggle against the Muslim lords that tried to conquer Mount Lebanon. Gabriel’s depiction of the past is not only biased and subject to aims of religious polemics, but also factually inaccurate. Nevertheless, the texts of Suleiman al-Ashluhi and Gabriel ibn al-Qilaʿî give us the opportunity to draw conclusions on the worldview, educational level, political orientation and peculiar traits of the historical memory of various Christian communities of Mount Lebanon.

The Birth of the Prophet Muhammad

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-99
Author(s):  
Frederick S. Colby
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Critical Scholarship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Despite the central importance of festival and devotional piety to premodernMuslims, book-length studies in this field have been relatively rare.Katz’s work, The Birth of the Prophet Muhammad, represents a tour-deforceof critical scholarship that advances the field significantly both throughits engagement with textual sources from the formative period to the presentand through its judicious use of theoretical tools to analyze this material. Asits title suggests, the work strives to explore how Muslims have alternativelypromoted and contested the commemoration of the Prophet’s birth atdifferent points in history, with a particular emphasis on how the devotionalistapproach, which was prominent in the pre-modern era, fell out of favoramong Middle Eastern Sunnis in the late twentieth century. Aimed primarilyat specialists in Middle Eastern and Islamic studies, especially scholarsof history, law, and religion, this work is recommended to anyone interestedin the history of Muslim ritual, the history of devotion to the Prophet, andthe interplay between normative and non-normative forms ofMuslim beliefand practice ...

The Paving Stone Theory of World Tectonics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Livermore
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
Transform Faults ◽  
Plate Motions ◽  
Euler’S Theorem ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Entire History ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Tuzo Wilson introduces the concept of transform faults, which has the effect of transforming Earth Science forever. Resistance to the new ideas is finally overcome in the late 1960s, as the theory of moving plates is established. Two scientists play a major role in quantifying the embryonic theory that is eventually dubbed ‘plate tectonics’. Dan McKenzie applies Euler’s theorem, used previously by Teddy Bullard to reconstruct the continents around the Atlantic, to the problem of plate rotations on a sphere and uses it to unravel the entire history of the Indian Ocean. Jason Morgan also wraps plate tectonics around a sphere. Tuzo Wilson introduces the idea of a fixed hotspot beneath Hawaii, an idea taken up by Jason Morgan to create an absolute reference frame for plate motions.

scholarly journals Geldtheorie und -politik in Preußen Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-257
Author(s):  
Jan Greitens
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Monetary Theory ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Monetary Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Value Of Money ◽  
Modern Era

AbstractIn the history of economic thought, monetary theories in the Germanspeaking world of the early modern era are considered backward compared to the approaches in other European countries. This backwardness can be illustrated by two authors from the mid-18th century who were not only contemporaries but also successively in the service of Frederick II (“the Great”) of Prussia. The first is Johann Philipp Graumann, one of the 'projectors' of the 18th century. As master of the mints in Prussia, he developed a coin project, where he tried to implement a new monetary standard to promote trade, generate seigniorage income and implement the Prussian coins as a kind of a reserve currency. In his writings, he developed a typical mercantilistic monetary theory with a clear understanding of the mechanism in the balance of payments. But even when he tried to include credit instruments, he did not take banks or broader financial markets into account. The second thinker is Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi, who took the opposite position concerning the coin project as well as in his theory. He defended a strictly metalistic monetary approach where the value of money is only based on the metal's value. While Graumann rejected the English coin system, Justi recommended its laws for countries without their own mines, because the sovereign should not misuse his right of coinage. For him, the monetary system had tobe reliable and stable to serve trade and economic development.

Yves R. Simon: A Philosopher's Quest for Science and Prudence

2009 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-84
Author(s):  
Walter Nicgorski
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Social Conformity ◽  
Democratic Government ◽  
Jacques Maritain ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philosophical Life ◽  
Influential Book

AbstractThis essay treats the inspiration and nature of Yves Simon's philosophical life. His embrace of that life was importantly shaped by his engagement with the republican tradition in France, his passionate opposition to the fascist threat to France, and his later attachment to the aspirations of American democracy. However, his early philosophical interests took direction and inspiration from his encounter with Jacques Maritain who drew him to Thomism. His devotion to the truth was fierce, and he confronted honestly the threats to this defining quality of philosophical life from the pressures of social conformity and from the discouragement of seeing the inadequacies and disagreements in the history of philosophy. He came, as especially evident in his most influential book, Philosophy of Democratic Government, to esteem highly the virtue of prudence, seeking to protect it from both philosophy and social science.

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