scholarly journals Adult Mortality Differentials and Regional Development at the local level in Brazil, 1980-2010

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo L Queiroz ◽  
Everton Lima ◽  
Marcos Roberto Gonzaga ◽  
Flávio Freire
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality ◽  
Near Future

In this paper, we study study spatial and temporal adult mortality trends in small areas of Brazil, from 1980 to 2010, and its relation to socioeconomic and public health developments. Brazil is marked by huge regional and social inequality and it is important to understand how it could be related to trends and differences in adult mortality. There are several studies about trends in infant and child mortality, but much less is known about adult mortality. We are also interested in understand whether there is a convergence or divergence in adult mortality. This is relevant because changes in life expectancy in the near future could be heavily explained by differences in adult mortality as infant and child mortality have shown signs of convergence in recent years

scholarly journals Rank Indices Method and its use for the comparative analysis of population health data

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-311
Author(s):  
A. M. Bolshakov ◽  
Vyacheslav Krutko ◽  
T. M. Smirnova ◽  
S. V. Chankov
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
The Social

There is presented a calculation method aimed to elevate the informative value of the integral indices of the social and hygienic monitoring for purposes of comparative analysis. The method of rank indices is based on the ranking of monitoring objects on the values ofprimary indices on the base of which there are calculated the integral such indices as, for example, life expectancy. There are presented results of the use of this method for the comparative analysis of mortality rate in WHO Member States for the period of 1990-2011. There were revealed special features of mortality trends which cannot be detected when using only mortality rates or the life expectancy. In particular, for Russia there was shown that, in spite of the downward trend in child and adolescent mortality rate observed in the last decade, the country's world rankings for these indices fail to achieve the level of 1990. This means that the competitiveness of the country, sharply declined in the 90's, was not restored until now. There are described some features of the use of the method of rank indices for the analysis of indices of the environment state, public health and its socio-economic determinants.

scholarly journals Future Mortality in Low Mortality Countries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziella Caselli ◽  
Sven Drefahl
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Mortality Estimation ◽  
Advanced Phase

This chapter provides an overview of past and expected future trends in life expectancy in populations with low levels of mortality. High and low mortality populations were separated on the basis of the level of child mortality in the year 2010 according to the revised estimates of the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2011), with the threshold being 40 deaths per 1,000 children below the age of 5 years. The low mortality population is comprised of 132 countries including Europe, North America, most of Oceania and Latin America, large parts of Asia (excluding the high mortality area in Central and Southern Asia), and Northern Africa. The populations of these countries are already engaged in an advanced phase of the demographic and ‘epidemiologic transition’. Because they previously experienced strong decreases in infant mortality, the future mortality trends are driven mainly by mortality in adult ages, primarily the old and oldest-old. Although the data sources on which the existing estimates of life expectancy for these populations are based vary considerably (owing to differences in the death registration systems and the estimation techniques, see, e.g., Luy, 2010), we have relatively good knowledge of past and current mortality levels and trends and their causes. Despite the similar general trends, today’s low mortality countries are very heterogeneous in various aspects, including medical standards, access to health care, and behavioural risk factors, such as smoking prevalence. These diversities are strongly related to the populations’ stages of economic development and contribute to a broad variance of life expectancy levels. Among men, life expectancy at birth for the years 2005–10 ranges between 60.2 in Kazakhstan and 79.5 in Iceland. Among women, the range is between 67.8 in the Solomon Islands and 86.1 in Japan. To demonstrate this relationship between economic development and life expectancy we classified countries according to their current per capita income as an indicator of the economic development level of the populations. We used the World Bank classification, which groups countries into high income (≥$12,276 annually), upper middle income ($3,976–$12,275), lower middle income ($1,006–$3,975), and low income (≤$1,005).

4. Illness, death, and the demographic impact

2016 ◽  
pp. 52-67
Author(s):  
Alan Whiteside
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality ◽  
Size Growth ◽  
Demographic Impact

‘Illness, death, and the demographic impact’ outlines how the effects of AIDS can be measured through demographic indicators. Demographic consequences of AIDS may include: increased deaths especially among adults; rising infant and child mortality; falling life expectancy; changes in the population size, growth, and structure; and growing numbers of orphans. How serious these impacts are depends on the location, size, and age of the epidemic; the underlying demographics of a country; and, increasingly, the availability and uptake of treatment. The impacts of AIDS continue to be felt by families and communities after death. There is evidence that AIDS deaths have more serious consequences for survivors than deaths from other causes.

scholarly journals Colorectal cancer mortality in Mato Grosso, Brazil: Spatiotemporal trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Maria Meurer Alves ◽  
Vitor Gabriel Barra Souza ◽  
Ronaldo Rocha Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Spatiotemporal Trends ◽  
Screening And Prevention ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Mortality

Mortality due to colorectal cancer is increasing in Brazil, but an organised approach to screening and prevention is lacking. Considering the importance of this disease, the present study examines recent mortality trends of colorectal cancer mortality in the meso- and microregions in the state of Mato Grosso with the objective of analysing spatiotemporal trends to help guide the allocation of health services related to this type of cancer. Mortality data from the Brazilian national public health system from 1996 to 2015 were analysed investigating spatiotemporal trends using Conditional Autoregressive (CAR) models, a class of Bayesian hierarchical models that rely on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations. Convergence issues arose with several types of CAR models, but notably not with the linear variant, which models the mortality within each spatial region as a linear function of time. Men and women of all ages displayed higher and increasing mortality rates in the Cuiabá and Rondonópolis microregions. Additional regions of increasing mortality were found for specific age and gender strata. It was concluded that spatiotemporal modelling is a useful tool for the characterisation of diseases, including cancer, which are influenced by several factors and need to be monitored over space and time. The combination of spatial and temporal analyses of mortality shown in this paper unveils important information regarding the small areas dynamics, which may guide discussions, regulation and application of decentralised public health policies.

scholarly journals Mortality in Tonga over three triennia, 2010–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carah Figueroa ◽  
Christine Linhart ◽  
Latu Fusimalohi ◽  
Sioape Kupu ◽  
Gloria Mathenge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
International Agencies

Abstract Background Tonga is a South Pacific Island country with a population of 100,651 (2016 Census). This study examines Tongan infant mortality rates (IMR), under-five mortality rates (U5MR), adult mortality and life expectancy (LE) at birth from 2010 to 2018 using a recent collation of empirical mortality data over the past decade for comparison with other previously published mortality estimates. Methods Routinely collected mortality data for 2010–2018 from the Ministry of Health, national (Vaiola) hospital, community nursing reports, and the Civil Registry, were consolidated by deterministic and probabilistic linkage of individual death records. Completeness of empirical mortality reporting was assessed by capture-recapture analysis. The reconciled data were aggregated into triennia to reduce stochastic variation, and used to estimate IMR and U5MR (per 1000 live births), adult mortality (15–59, 15–34, 35–59, and 15–64 years), and LE at birth, employing the hypothetical cohort method (with statistical testing). Mortality trends and differences were assessed by Poisson regression. Mortality findings were compared with published national and international agency estimates. Results Over the three triennia in 2010–2018, levels varied minimally for IMR (12–14) and U5MR (15–19) per 1000 births (both ns, p > 0.05), and also for male LE at birth of 64–65 years, and female LE at birth 69–70 years. Cumulated risks of adult mortality were significantly higher in men than women; period mortality increases in 15–59-year women from 18 to 21% were significant (p < 0.05). Estimated completeness of the reconciled data was > 95%. International agencies reported generally comparable estimates of IMR and U5MR, with varying uncertainty intervals; but they reported significantly lower adult mortality and higher LE than the empirical estimates from this study. Conclusions Life expectancy in Tonga over 2010–2018 has remained relatively low and static, with low IMR and U5MR, indicating the substantial impact from premature adult mortality. This analysis of empirical data (> 95% complete) indicates lower LE and higher premature adult mortality than previously reported by international agencies using indirect and modelled methods. Continued integration of mortality recording and data systems in Tonga is important for improving the completeness and accuracy of mortality estimation for local health monitoring and planning.

scholarly journals Population Health Status of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Trends and Implications for Public Health Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 12235
Author(s):  
Gabriel Gulis ◽  
Altyn Aringazina ◽  
Zhamilya Sangilbayeva ◽  
Kalel Zhan ◽  
Evelyne de Leeuw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Economic

The Republic of Kazakhstan began undergoing a political, economic, and social transition after 1991. Population health was declared an important element and was backed with a substantial commitment by the central government to health policy. We examine key trends in the population health status of the Republic of Kazakhstan and seek to understand them in relation to the ongoing political, economic, and social changes in society and its aspirations in health policy. We used the Global Burden of Disease database and toolkit to extract and analyze country-specific descriptive data for the Republic of Kazakhstan to assess life expectancy, child mortality, leading causes of mortality, disability-adjusted life years, and causes and number of years lived with disability. Life expectancy declined from 1990 to 1996 but has subsequently recovered. Ischemic heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remain among the leading causes of death; child mortality for children under 5 years has declined; and cardiovascular risk factors account for the greatest cause of disability. Considering its socioeconomic development over the last two decades, Kazakhstan continues to lag behind OECD countries on leading health indictors despite substantial investments in public health policy. We identify seven strategic priorities to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the health care system.

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