scholarly journals Rank Indices Method and its use for the comparative analysis of population health data

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-311
Author(s):  
A. M. Bolshakov ◽  
Vyacheslav Krutko ◽  
T. M. Smirnova ◽  
S. V. Chankov
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
The Social

There is presented a calculation method aimed to elevate the informative value of the integral indices of the social and hygienic monitoring for purposes of comparative analysis. The method of rank indices is based on the ranking of monitoring objects on the values ofprimary indices on the base of which there are calculated the integral such indices as, for example, life expectancy. There are presented results of the use of this method for the comparative analysis of mortality rate in WHO Member States for the period of 1990-2011. There were revealed special features of mortality trends which cannot be detected when using only mortality rates or the life expectancy. In particular, for Russia there was shown that, in spite of the downward trend in child and adolescent mortality rate observed in the last decade, the country's world rankings for these indices fail to achieve the level of 1990. This means that the competitiveness of the country, sharply declined in the 90's, was not restored until now. There are described some features of the use of the method of rank indices for the analysis of indices of the environment state, public health and its socio-economic determinants.

scholarly journals A Spatial Analysis of Tuberculosis Related Mortality in South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 11865
Author(s):  
Dan Kibuuka ◽  
Charles Mpofu ◽  
Penny Neave ◽  
Samuel Manda
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Spatial Epidemiology ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Cold Spot ◽  
The South ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Death Rates

Background: South Africa, with an estimated annual tuberculosis (TB) incidence of 360,000 cases in 2019, remains one of the countries with the largest burden of TB in the world. The identification of highly burdened TB areas could support public health policy planners to optimally target resources and TB control and prevention interventions. Objective: To investigate the spatial epidemiology and distribution of TB mortality in South Africa in 2010 and its association with area-level poverty and HIV burden. Methods: The study analysed a total of 776,176 TB deaths for the period 2005–2015. Local and global and spatial clustering of TB death rates were investigated by Global and Local Moran’s Indices methods (Moran’s I). The spatial regression analysis was employed to assess the effect of poverty and HIV on TB mortality rates. Results: There was a significant decrease in TB mortality rate, from 179 per 100,000 population in 2005 to 60 per 100,000 population in 2015. The annual TB mortality rate was higher among males (161.5 per 100,000 male population; (95% confidence interval (CI) 132.9, 190.0) than among females (123.2 per 100,000 female population; (95% CI 95.6, 150.8)). The 35–44 age group experienced higher TB mortality rates, regardless of gender and time. Hot spot clusters of TB mortality were found in the South-Eastern parts of the country, whereas cold spot clusters were largely in the north-eastern parts. Tuberculosis death rates were positively associated with poverty, as measured by the South African Multidimension Poverty Index (SAMPI) as well TB death rates in the neighbouring districts. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed a statistically significant decrease in TB deaths and a disproportionate distribution of TB deaths among certain areas and population groups in South Africa. The existence of the identified inequalities in the burden of TB deaths calls for targeted public health interventions, policies, and resources to be directed towards the most vulnerable populations in South Africa.

scholarly journals A Rudimentary Framework for Improving Access to Public Health using ICT

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S11) ◽  
pp. 3681-3686
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
Populous Country

The growth of public health in India has been moderate due to low public expenditure on health, very few public health institutes and inadequate national standards for public health education. As per to the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) published in the medical journal, The Lancet, India has a depressing 154th place among 195 countries on the healthcare index. India has population of 1.21 billion population and occupies the second position as the most populous country in the world. India has almost 13.1 per cent of child population aged 0-6 years (Census 2011). Mortality among infants and under-5 children is also a primary concern. In India the number of Under-5 mortality rate and infant mortality rates are very high. They are as much as 49 (Under-5 mortality rate) and 42 (infant mortality rates). The proposed framework is for improving the health of the citizens. This is a bottom up approach for improving the overall health of the nation starting at district level. Starting with treatment of areaspecific diseases and infections is an effective way to ensure good health all over the nation.

Adolescent HIV and infection

2018 ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Rashida Ferrand
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health Programmes

Infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death in adolescents despite the improvements in public health that have occurred in the past decades. While mortality rates from infections are slowly declining in this age group, an exception is HIV, with HIV-related deaths having tripled in the last decade. As with other infections, the risk of acquiring HIV is partly explained by the biological and physical environment. However, the biological changes and the social and behavioural context of adolescence play an important role in determining risk. Notably, infections can result in long-term complications and consequent disability. While effective methods to prevent and treat many common infections do exist, the major challenges are to make these accessible to adolescents, an age-group that is often neglected by health programmes. In addition, adherence to treatment for chronic infections such as HIV, remains a major barrier to ensuring successful outcomes.

scholarly journals Demographic forecasting of population projection in Greece: A Bayesian probabilistic study

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Lamnisos ◽  
K Giannakou ◽  
T Siligari
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Replacement Level ◽  
Demographic Aging ◽  
The Social ◽  
Support Ratio

Abstract Background Demographic aging is an emerging issue in Greece, characterized by low fertility and increased life expectancy. Undoubtedly, demographic aging is a challenge for public health not only due to the financing of public pensions, but also for the increasing utilization of health care. Methods The total fertility rate and life expectancy at birth are projected probabilistically using Bayesian hierarchical models and United Nations population data for Greece from the period of 1950 to 2015. These are then converted to age-specific mortality rates and combined with a cohort component projection model. This yields probabilistic projections of total population by sex and age groups, total fertility rate (TFR), female and male life expectancies at birth and potential support ratio PSR (persons aged 20-64 per person 65+) by the year 2100. Results The total population in Greece in 1950 was around 7.5 million, increasing to 11 million based on the 2011 population census but is projected to decline to 7.5 million at 2100. TFR has followed a strong downward trend with 1.4 children per woman in 2005-2010 and is projected to have a slight increase to 1.6 and 1.8 children per woman for 2050 and 2100 with all values being below the replacement-level fertility. Life expectancy is expected to increase to 84 years for men and 88 years for women in 2050, and 90 years for men and 94 years for women in 2100. PSR is expected to decline dramatically from 3 in 2011 to approximately 1.5 in 2050 and 2100. Conclusions Over the years, Greece has lost its youthful structure and has acquired the characteristics of an aging population, reflecting the population distribution of Western countries. Demographic aging is harmful for the economic growth, the social security system, the social assistance, and it is closely linked to national defense and public health. A long-term multidimensional program is recommended to confront the demographic issue based on the previous international experience. Key messages Total fertility rate will be below replacement level and potential support ratio will decline dramatically. A long-term multidimensional program needs to be developed to address the demographic aging.

Exploring the Relationship between ICTs and Public Health at Country Level

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viju Raghupathi ◽  
Wullianallur Raghupathi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Child Immunization ◽  
The Public ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Public Health Indicators ◽  
The Relationship

The authors use a health analytics approach to investigate the relationship between information and communication technology (ICT) and public health at a country level. The research uses the ICT factors of accessibility, usage, quality, affordability, trade, and applications, as well as the public delivery indicators of adolescent fertility rate, child immunization for DPT, child immunization for measles, tuberculosis detection rate, life expectancy, adult female mortality rate, and adult male mortality rate. ICT data was collected from the International Telecommunication Union ICT Indicator database. The public health data was collected from the World Bank website. Results of the analytics indicate that ICT factors are positively associated with some public health indicators. Nearly all of the ICT factors are positively associated with the public health indicators of immunization rates, TB detection rates, and life expectancy. The association with adult mortality is negative, which is also favorable. However, the association of ICT with fertility rate is negative, which is an unfavorable effect. These results offer insight into the importance of understanding the positive and adverse impacts of ICT on public health so as to guide national policy decisions in the future.

scholarly journals Ecologic association between influenza and COVID-19 mortality rates in European countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Petti ◽  
B. J. Cowling
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Mortality ◽  
Disease Mortality

Abstract Ecologic studies investigating COVID-19 mortality determinants, used to make predictions and design public health control measures, generally focused on population-based variable counterparts of individual-based risk factors. Influenza is not causally associated with COVID-19, but shares population-based determinants, such as similar incidence/mortality trends, transmission patterns, efficacy of non-pharmaceutical interventions, comorbidities and underdiagnosis. We investigated the ecologic association between influenza mortality rates and COVID-19 mortality rates in the European context. We considered the 3-year average influenza (2014–2016) and COVID-19 (31 May 2020) crude mortality rates in 34 countries using EUROSTAT and ECDC databases and performed correlation and regression analyses. The two variables – log transformed, showed significant Spearman's correlation ρ = 0.439 (P = 0.01), and regression coefficients, b = 0.743 (95% confidence interval, 0.272–1.214; R2 = 0.244; P = 0.003), b = 0.472 (95% confidence interval, 0.067–0.878; R2 = 0.549; P = 0.02), unadjusted and adjusted for confounders (population size and cardiovascular disease mortality), respectively. Common significant determinants of both COVID-19 and influenza mortality rates were life expectancy, influenza vaccination in the elderly (direct associations), number of hospital beds per population unit and crude cardiovascular disease mortality rate (inverse associations). This analysis suggests that influenza mortality rates were independently associated with COVID-19 mortality rates in Europe, with implications for public health preparedness, and implies preliminary undetected SARS-CoV-2 spread in Europe.

Child Mortality After Hurricane Katrina

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Kanter
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Daily Newspaper ◽  
Department Of Health

ABSTRACTBackground: Age-specific pediatric health consequences of community disruption after Hurricane Katrina have not been analyzed. Post-Katrina vital statistics are unavailable. The objectives of this study were to validate an alternative method to estimate child mortality rates in the greater New Orleans area and compare pre-Katrina and post-Katrina mortality rates.Methods: Pre-Katrina 2004 child mortality was estimated from death reports in the local daily newspaper and validated by comparison with pre-Katrina data from the Louisiana Department of Health. Post-Katrina child mortality rates were analyzed as a measure of health consequences.Results: Newspaper-derived estimates of mortality rates appear to be valid except for possible underreporting of neonatal rates. Pre-Katrina and post-Katrina mortality rates were similar for all age groups except infants. Post-Katrina, a 92% decline in mortality rate occurred for neonates (<28 days), and a 57% decline in mortality rate occurred for postneonatal infants (28 days–1 year). The post-Katrina decline in infant mortality rate exceeds the pre-Katrina discrepancy between newspaper-derived and Department of Health–reported rates.Conclusions: A declining infant mortality rate raises questions about persistent displacement of high-risk infants out of the region. Otherwise, there is no evidence of long-lasting post-Katrina excess child mortality. Further investigation of demographic changes would be of interest to local decision makers and planners for recovery after public health emergencies in other regions.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:62-65)

scholarly journals Recent adverse mortality trends in Scotland: comparison with other high-income countries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda Fenton ◽  
Jon Minton ◽  
Julie Ramsay ◽  
Maria Kaye-Bardgett ◽  
Colin Fischbacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
High Income ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
List Type ◽  
Segmented Regression ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
The Usa

AbstractObjectiveGains in life expectancy have faltered in several high-income countries in recent years. We aim to compare life expectancy trends in Scotland to those seen internationally, and to assess the timing of any recent changes in mortality trends for Scotland.SettingAustria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, England & Wales, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Poland, Scotland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, USA.MethodsWe used life expectancy data from the Human Mortality Database (HMD) to calculate the mean annual life expectancy change for 24 high-income countries over five-year periods from 1992 to 2016, and the change for Scotland for five-year periods from 1857 to 2016. One- and two-break segmented regression models were applied to mortality data from National Records of Scotland (NRS) to identify turning points in age-standardised mortality trends between 1990 and 2018.ResultsIn 2012-2016 life expectancies in Scotland increased by 2.5 weeks/year for females and 4.5 weeks/year for males, the smallest gains of any period since the early 1970s. The improvements in life expectancy in 2012-2016 were smallest among females (<2.0 weeks/year) in Northern Ireland, Iceland, England & Wales and the USA and among males (<5.0 weeks/year) in Iceland, USA, England & Wales and Scotland. Japan, Korea, and countries of Eastern Europe have seen substantial gains in the same period. The best estimate of when mortality rates changed to a slower rate of improvement in Scotland was the year to 2012 Q4 for males and the year to 2014 Q2 for females.ConclusionLife expectancy improvement has stalled across many, but not all, high income countries. The recent change in the mortality trend in Scotland occurred within the period 2012-2014. Further research is required to understand these trends, but governments must also take timely action on plausible contributors.Strengths and limitations of this studyThe use of five-year time periods for comparison of life expectancy changes reduces the influence of year-to-year variation on observations.Examining long-term trends addresses concerns that recent life expectancy stalling may be over-emphasised due to notably large gains in the immediately preceding period.The international comparison was limited to the 24 high-income countries for which data were readily available for the relevant period.Analysis of trend data will always be sensitive to the period selected, however segmented regression of the full period of mortality rates available offers an objective method of identifying the timing of a change in trend.

scholarly journals The mother’s risk of premature death after child loss across two centuries

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unnur A Valdimarsdóttir ◽  
Donghao Lu ◽  
Sigrún H Lund ◽  
Katja Fall ◽  
Fang Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Child Loss ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Experienced Child

While the rare occurrence of child loss is accompanied by reduced life expectancy of parents in contemporary affluent populations, its impact in developing societies with high child mortality rates is unclear. We identified all parents in Iceland born 1800–1996 and compared the mortality rates of 47,711 parents who lost a child to those of their siblings (N = 126,342) who did not. The proportion of parents who experienced child loss decreased from 61.1% of those born 1800–1880 to 5.2% of those born after 1930. Child loss was consistently associated with increased rate of maternal, but not paternal, death before the age of 50 across all parent birth cohorts; the relative increase in maternal mortality rate ranged from 35% among mothers born 1800–1930 to 64% among mothers born after 1930. The loss of a child poses a threat to the survival of young mothers, even during periods of high infant mortality rates.

An Overview of Ethics, Public Health, and Noncommunicable Diseases

2019 ◽  
pp. 487-494
Author(s):  
Brendan Saloner
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
The Social ◽  
Alcohol And Other Drugs

This chapter provides an overview of the ethics of noncommunicable diseases, one of the areas of focus in The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics. Key areas of ethics attention include tobacco, alcohol and other drugs, and cancer, which affect populations in higher- and lower-income societies alike. The ability of society to respond to these challenges will have major implications for future gains in global life expectancy. While there exists a strong evidence base for public health intervention, the ability to respond is hindered by political constraints and limited progress on addressing the social inequalities that are often root causes of noncommunicable diseases. A commitment to reducing noncommunicable diseases is likely to advance social equity, and vice versa.

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