scholarly journals STUDYING THE PROBABILITY OF ACQUIRING HIV IN A CERTAIN POPULATION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Otero Gomez ◽  
Rafael Mateus C ◽  
Henry Laniado
Keyword(s):  
Probabilistic Model ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Virus

This document is aimed at the study of the probability of acquiring the HIV virus in a certain population. A meticulous analysis is included regarding the understanding had, in order to design an accurate probabilistic model for each scenario. Based on a data recollection regarding HIV transmission, various specific situations were proposed to study deeper how vulnerable is an individual to acquiring HIV according to the number of interactions and the type of encounter had with an HIV carrier.

scholarly journals Research on HIV Spreading by Macroscopic Based on Molecular Phylogeny in Anhui Province, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Zhiyuan Zhang ◽  
Xin Jin ◽  
Hui Wu ◽  
Yuhua Ruan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Anhui Province ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Bisexual Men ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
History Of

Abstract BackgroundAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a global pandemic. The disease remains the most challenging public health issue of common concern in all countries because of its high fatality rate, the widespread susceptibility of the entire population to HIV, and the lack of an effective vaccine or cure. Therefore, it is of great significance to study and analyze the spread of HIV/AIDS.MethodsWe applied Bayesian phylogenetic methods to the gene sequence of the two main subtypes (CRF 01AE and CRF 07BC, 340 in total) of the HIV virus in Anhui Province to infer the nearest ancestor and its effective reproduction number (Re) to trace the history of HIV transmission in Anhui Province. Based on the characteristics of HIV transmission between heterosexuals and homosexuals, we established a dynamic model to predict the future trend of HIV drug resistance transmission. Through fitting the two effective reproduction numbers (Re) from the two different methods above, we got some important parameter values. By analyzing the sensitive factors affecting the transmission situation, we proposed relevant measures to reduce the transmission of HIV-resistant strains and effectively prevent and control the HIV epidemic.ResultsThrough the study of gene sequences, it was inferred that the nearest ancestor of the 150 CRF 01AE subtypes was in 1982, while the nearest ancestor of the 190 CRF 07BC subtypes was later (1992). Moreover, the effective reproduction number Re of HIV transmission in Anhui Province has been stable at first, then increased, and then remained stable, from 1.33 in 1992 to 2.20 in 2018. The study of macro-transmission dynamics model found that simply increasing the treatment rate had little effect on reducing the infection rate of the entire population, but would lead to the increase of drug resistance rate instead. This may be due to the inverse ratio between the prevalence of HIV and the lifespan of infected patients after treatment. According to the Sensitivity analysis, a more effective way to control transmission is reducing the number of sexual partners of the MSM population. In addition, we also have unexpected new findings regarding the traditional belief that "bisexual men play a bridge role in the transmission of HIV virus": if simply cutting o the sexual relationship between women and bisexual men, the HIV epidemic will be significantly enhanced instead.ConclusionStudy on gene sequences told us the history of HIV/AIDS spreading in Anhui province and the dynamic model told us its future. The link between them is the the effective reproduction number Re.

scholarly journals Law, criminalisation and HIV in the world: have countries that criminalise achieved more or less successful pandemic response?

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. e006315
Author(s):  
Matthew M Kavanagh ◽  
Schadrac C Agbla ◽  
Marissa Joy ◽  
Kashish Aneja ◽  
Mara Pillinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Suppression ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Living With Hiv

How do choices in criminal law and rights protections affect disease-fighting efforts? This long-standing question facing governments around the world is acute in the context of pandemics like HIV and COVID-19. The Global AIDS Strategy of the last 5 years sought to prevent mortality and HIV transmission in part through ensuring people living with HIV (PLHIV) knew their HIV status and could suppress the HIV virus through antiretroviral treatment. This article presents a cross-national ecological analysis of the relative success of national AIDS responses under this strategy, where laws were characterised by more or less criminalisation and with varying rights protections. In countries where same-sex sexual acts were criminalised, the portion of PLHIV who knew their HIV status was 11% lower and viral suppression levels 8% lower. Sex work criminalisation was associated with 10% lower knowledge of status and 6% lower viral suppression. Drug use criminalisation was associated with 14% lower levels of both. Criminalising all three of these areas was associated with approximately 18%–24% worse outcomes. Meanwhile, national laws on non-discrimination, independent human rights institutions and gender-based violence were associated with significantly higher knowledge of HIV status and higher viral suppression among PLHIV. Since most countries did not achieve 2020 HIV goals, this ecological evidence suggests that law reform may be an important tool in speeding momentum to halt the pandemic.

Assessing Variability of HIV Transmission Attitudes and Behaviors at an Urban Northeastern University

1996 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Donnelly ◽  
Maryam Donnelly ◽  
Mark J. Kittleson ◽  
Anthony T. Procaccino ◽  
David F. Duncan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Urban Background ◽  
Rural Background ◽  
Transmission Modes ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Increase Risk

Teenagers in the United States are one of the populations whose HIV infection rates are increasing most rapidly. This study was designed to measure college students' knowledge of HIV transmission methods using Kittleson and Venglarcik's HIV Transmission Survey. Participants ( N = 167) were divided into two groups, 99 students from a rural background and 68 students from an urban background. Students from an urban background were significantly more knowledgeable about documented HIV transmission modes than students from a rural background. Men were significantly less aware of documented HIV transmission modes than women. These results suggest that education about AIDS needs to be improved. The current educational procedures do not properly inform students in a fashion which exhibits the true risk of infection and those behaviors which increase risk. Fifteen years after the discovery of the HIV virus students are still largely unaware that they are at risk for contracting a fatal disease.

scholarly journals Being Informed: The Complexities of Knowledge, Deception and Consent When Transmitting HIV

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Cherkassky
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Bodily Harm ◽  
Fine Line ◽  
Reasonable Belief ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Grievous Bodily Harm ◽  
A Charge

The offence of inflicting grievous bodily harm under s. 20 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 has been confirmed as the most appropriate ground for convicting a reckless transmission of the HIV virus through sexual intercourse.1 An informed consent from the victim, along with a reasonable belief in that consent from the defendant, will now suffice as a defence to such a charge.2 However, it remains unclear how and when the victim must be informed of the relevant circumstances in order to provide consent to infected intercourse, and it is also undecided whether the defendant himself must divulge his HIV status in order to claim an honest belief in the victim's consent.3 Additionally, the fine line of consensual activity drawn in R v Brown4 appears to have been eroded by recent HIV transmission cases.5 This article outlines the development in relation to s. 20 to include HIV offences; it aims to untangle the recent authorities on knowledge, deception and consent in relation to both victims and perpetrators in reckless HIV transmission cases and suggests a way forward for the law in the shape of a new offence.

scholarly journals Projeto nascer: o enfermeiro na prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Elidiana De Araújo Rosa ◽  
Hilda Jussara Santos de Souza ◽  
Janize Carlos da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
Transmisión Vertical ◽  
Pandemic Severity ◽  
Mother To Child

A AIDS é uma doença que representa um dos maiores problemas de saúde da atualidade em virtude de seu caráter pandêmico e gravidade. O índice de casos de AIDS vem crescendo em mulheres, acarretando aumento de crianças infectadas por transmissão vertical: transmissão do vírus do HIV da mãe para o filho durante a gestação. O governo brasileiro vem se empenhando para reduzir as taxas de transmissão vertical, implantando o Projeto Nascer, baseado no protocolo 076. Este estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar a eficácia do protocolo de prevenção da transmissão vertical a gestantes HIV+, evidenciando a importância do papel do enfermeiro no ciclo gravídico puerperal. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, sistemática, realizada a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica. Conclui-se que o Projeto Nascer é eficaz, no entanto, enfrenta algumas dificuldades na implantação. O enfermeiro, como participante da equipe, tem um papel fundamental para adesão da gestante ao protocolo.Descritores: HIV, Transmissão Vertical, Aconselhamento, Enfermagem. Project was born: the nurse in the prevention of vertical transmission of HIVAbstractAIDS is a disease that represents one of the biggest health problems of today because of his character and pandemic severity. The rate of AIDS cases is increasing in women, causing an increase in children infected by vertical transmission: transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child during pregnancy. The Brazilian government has been striving to reduce vertical transmission rates, by deploying the Sunrise Project, based in Protocol 076. This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of the protocol for the prevention of vertical HIV+ pregnant women, highlighting the important role of nurses en the puerperal pregnancy. This is an exploratory and systematic, made from a literature review. We concluded that the Sunrise Project is effective, however, faces some difficulties in implementation. The nurse, as part of the team, has a key role in the pregnant woman's accession to the Protocol.Descriptors: HIV, Transmission, Counseling, Nursing. Proyecto nació: lo enfermero em la prevención de la transmisión vertical del HIVResumenSIDA es una enfermedad que representa uno de mayores problemas de salud de la actualidad,debido a su carácter pandemia y una elevada mortalidad. Índice de casos de SIDA está aumentando en mujeres, causando aumento en los niños infectados por transmisión vertical: la transmisión del virus VIH de madre a hijo durante el embarazo. Gobierno brasileño se ha esforzado por reducir tasas de transmisión vertical, mediante implementación del Proyecto Nascer, basado en Protocolo 076. Este estudio tiene objetivo demonstrar la eficacia del protocolo de prevención de transmisión vertical en mujeres embarazadas VIH+, destacando el importante papel de las enfermeros en puerperio. Este es un estudio exploratorio, sistemático y teórico, efectuado a partir de revisión bibliográfica. Se concluye que el Proyecto Nascer es eficaz, sin embargo, se enfrenta a algunas dificultades en la aplicación. Enfermera, como parte del equipo, tiene un papel clave en adhesión de la mujer embarazada al Protocolo.Descriptores: VIH, Transmisión Vertical, Consejería, Enfermería.

scholarly journals Male Circumcision and HIV Transmission; What Do We Know?

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parana H.M Jayathunge ◽  
William J.H McBride ◽  
David MacLaren ◽  
John Kaldor ◽  
Andrew Vallely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male Circumcision ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
World Health ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Genital Mucosa ◽  
Heterosexual Intercourse ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Portal Of Entry

Male circumcision (MC) has been shown to be protective against heterosexual HIV transmission and is being explored in some parts of the world as a means of combating the epidemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that MC be considered as an important component of HIV prevention in high prevalence settings. We review evidence that demonstrates that the inner foreskin is likely to be the main portal of entry for the HIV virus in males. Whether removal of the inner foreskin accounts for all the protection afforded by circumcision is yet to be established. The proposed mechanisms of protection range from inherent immunohistological factors of foreskin such as difference in thickness of keratin layer and density of target cells for HIV between inner and outer foreskin to physiological mechanisms that follow male circumcision such as drying of secretions underneath foreskin after sexual intercourse, loss of microbiome that attract target cells to the genital mucosa and lack of priming the genital mucosa with less abundant sexual transmitted infections among circumcised men. The aim of this review is to give an updated account on the mechanisms proposed so far on the demonstrated 50-70% protection from HIV transmission through heterosexual intercourse, by male circumcision.

HIV/AIDS surveillance and prevention: improving the characterization of HIV transmission

2003 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A Schmidt ◽  
Eve D Mokotoff
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Aids

25-jährige Medizinische Praxisassistentin, HIV-Postexpositionsprophylaxe (PEP) nach akzidenteller Nadelstichverletzung

Praxis ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 184-187
Author(s):  
Meienberg
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission

Eine 25-jährige Medizinische Praxisassistentin sticht sich an einer HIV-kontaminierten Hohlnadel. Das Risiko einer HIV-Transmission, Indikationen und Nutzen einer Postexpositionsprophylaxe (PEP) werden anhand von einigen Fragen besprochen.

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