scholarly journals Male Circumcision and HIV Transmission; What Do We Know?

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parana H.M Jayathunge ◽  
William J.H McBride ◽  
David MacLaren ◽  
John Kaldor ◽  
Andrew Vallely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male Circumcision ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
World Health ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Genital Mucosa ◽  
Heterosexual Intercourse ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Portal Of Entry

Male circumcision (MC) has been shown to be protective against heterosexual HIV transmission and is being explored in some parts of the world as a means of combating the epidemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that MC be considered as an important component of HIV prevention in high prevalence settings. We review evidence that demonstrates that the inner foreskin is likely to be the main portal of entry for the HIV virus in males. Whether removal of the inner foreskin accounts for all the protection afforded by circumcision is yet to be established. The proposed mechanisms of protection range from inherent immunohistological factors of foreskin such as difference in thickness of keratin layer and density of target cells for HIV between inner and outer foreskin to physiological mechanisms that follow male circumcision such as drying of secretions underneath foreskin after sexual intercourse, loss of microbiome that attract target cells to the genital mucosa and lack of priming the genital mucosa with less abundant sexual transmitted infections among circumcised men. The aim of this review is to give an updated account on the mechanisms proposed so far on the demonstrated 50-70% protection from HIV transmission through heterosexual intercourse, by male circumcision.

scholarly journals Evolving potential vaccine candidates amid COVID-19 pandemic: Pipeline to Lifeline

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1323-1333
Author(s):  
Anshu Kumar Yadav ◽  
Akila Prashant ◽  
Prashant Vishwanath ◽  
Surinder Singh ◽  
Nirmal Kumar Ganguly
Keyword(s):  
Docking Studies ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
World Health ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Clinical Phase ◽  
Preclinical Phase ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Health Organization

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is globally explored to decode its genomic functionality along with elucidating immunogenic pathways to design and develop an efficient vaccine. Potential immunogenic targets have been screened and validated through preclinical evaluation using experimental models. Computational platform and molecular docking studies are also being conducted to study the immunodynamic mechanisms which involve suitable epitopes of host target cells that respond to the potential vaccine candidate eliciting an immune-mediated reaction. Although SARS-CoV-2 possesses genetic similarities with previously known human coronaviruses, the emergence of novel mutational changes in the immunodominant region of the receptor-binding domain of viral spike protein resulted in high transmissibility and fatality. On a periodical basis, the World Health Organization (WHO) publishes the update on evolving vaccine candidates and encouraging several vaccine developers including multinational companies to join the worldwide campaign against the COVID-19 pandemic. As per the latest WHO landscape draft of evolving vaccine candidates, around 180 teams with respective vaccine candidates across the world are working by utilizing multiple developmental platforms, out of which 35 candidates have entered clinical phase trial and 145 candidates are under the preclinical phase of evaluation. They are also being tested for undesired immunopotentiation without compromising their safety and efficacy. These vaccine candidates along with their advantages and various challenges have been reviewed in this article.

scholarly journals Fundamental Basis of COVID-19 Pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-111
Author(s):  
Sergey Brankovich Bolevich ◽  
Peter Frantzevich Litvitsky ◽  
Sergei Vitalievich Grachev ◽  
Sergey Ivanovich Vorobyev ◽  
Alexandra Sergeevna Orlova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractAt the end of 2019, a new coronavirus infection occurred in the People’s Republic of China with an epicentre in the city of Wuhan. On February 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization assigned the official name of the infection caused by the new coronavirus – COVID-19. COVID-19 has affected people from all over the world given that the infection was noted in 200 countries resulting in annunciation of the pandemic situation. Human corona viruses cause mild to moderate respiratory infections. At the end of 2002, a new coronavirus appeared (SARS-CoV), the causal agent of atypical pneumonia, which caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The initial stage of COVID-19 infection is the penetration of SARS-CoV-2 into target cells that have angiotensin converting enzyme type II receptors. The virus enters the body through the respiratory tract and interacts primarily with toll-like receptors (TLRs). The events in SARS-Cov-2 induced infection follow the next scenario: epithelial cells via TLRs recognize and identify SARS-Cov-2, and after that the information is transmitted to the transcriptional NF-κB, which causes expression of the corresponding genes. Activated in this way, the epithelial cells begin to synthesize various biologically active molecules. The results obtained on preclinical material indicate that ROS generation increases and the antioxidant protection decreases, which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV, as well as in the progression and severity of this respiratory disease.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Media Film Sebagai Upaya untuk Menyadarkan Ibu Hamil Mengenai Pentingnya Tes HIV

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Ratih Indraswari
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
World Health ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
The World ◽  
Product Film ◽  
Information Media ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRAKWHO memperkirakan bahwa setiap harinya terdapat 1.600 anak-anak yang terinfeksi HIV, atau sekitar 600.000 infeksi HIV baru tiap tahun di seluruh dunia. Penularan melalui perinatal adalah cara penularan yang paling umum terjadi pada anak-anak. Lebih dari 90% kasus AIDS pada anak ditularkan melalui ibunya yang terinfeksi HIV. Sedangkan tes HIV sebagai satu-satunya cara menegakkan diagnosis infeksi HIV belum banyak diketahui ibu-ibu hamil. Sumber informasi mengenai hal ini pun masih sulit ditemui. Pemakaian media audiovisual terbukti sangat efektif dalam menyampaikan pesan. Selain paparan yang luas karena dapat ditayangkan melalui TV, film sebagai media audiovisual juga dinilai lebih menarik.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan media promosi kesehatan berupa film untuk menyadarkan ibu hamil mengenai pentingnya tes HIV. Penelitian ini mencakup tahapan analisis kebutuhan media informasi dan pengembangan media. Pada tahap analisis kebutuhan media menggunakan metode review literatur (2 penelitian, 2 buku ilmiah, 3 jurnal ilmiah) dan hasil pretest diperoleh dari wawancara perseorangan. Sasaran adalah ibu-ibu hamil yang merupakan ibu rumah tangga beresiko tinggi tertular HIV, tinggal di daerah rural, berpendidikan 9-12 tahun, dan tingkat sosial ekonomi menengah. Film yang diproduksi berjudul “Status” bercerita mengenai seorang suami yang gigih mencari tempat tes HIV untuk istrinya yang sedang hamil. Sebelumnya, rancangan skrip film telah dilakukan ujicoba dan perbaikan sesuai dengan hasil pretest yang didiskusikan dengan para ahli. Film dapat ditayangkan di RS, Puskesmas, Posyandu dan saat melakukan penyuluhan.Kata Kunci : Media, Film, Tes HIV, Ibu HamilDeveloping Movie For Pregnant Women To Aware With Hiv Test; The World Health Organization estimates that, every day, about 1600 children is infected with HIV, or there are about 600,000 new infections annually in children throughout the world. Perinatal HIV transmission is the most common route of HIV infection in children. It is now the source of more than 90% of all AIDS cases in children. HIV test, as the only way for make sure the diagnosis, is less known by pregnant women. Information sources are also difficult to get. Using audiovisual in sending message is effective. It’s huge in reaching people and very interesting as well.This research was aimed to develop movie for pregnant women to aware with HIV test. Literature review (2 researches, 2 scientific books, 3 journal) method was used to analyze information media need. Pretest was conducted by personal interview. The population of this research was pregnant women with high HIV infection risk who are housewives, lived in rural area, 9-12 study years, and middle socio economic level. The movie titled “Status” which is story a husband who not to yield in finding HIV testing place for his pregnant wife. Before, script was pretested, discussed and revised for betterment product. Film can be played in hospital, health center, and HIV socialization as well.Keywords : Media, movie, HIV test, Pregnant Women.

scholarly journals Acceptability of neonatal circumcision by pregnant women in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Curationis ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogerio Phili ◽  
Quarraisha A. Karim
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Male Circumcision ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision ◽  
Medical Male Circumcision ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Studies on voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) have provided convincing evidence on its efficacy to provide partial protection against female-to-male HIV transmission in circumcised men. The World Health Organization and UNAIDS subsequently formulated recommendations for VMMC implementation that included implementation of neonatal medical male circumcision (NMMC) to all infants up to two months old. Knowledge regarding the acceptability of NMMC by pregnant women who are candidates for granting of consents for NMMC procedures or its ideal placement within health programmes is low.Objectives: We sought to establish NMMC acceptability by pregnant women and the feasibility of its integration within Maternal, Child and Women’s Health (MCWH) programmes to inform implementation guidelines.Method: Nurses and counsellors at two public health facilities were trained to provide NMMC counselling and offer NMMC to 1778 pregnant women presenting for antenatal care services. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed on data collected on NMMC acceptance and refusals. Thematic analysis was also performed on qualitative reasons for refusals.Results: Acceptability of NMMC by women was high (82.9%). Refusals resulted from the need for consultations with partners and/or family members prior to consenting (41.3%), fear of the procedure (23.8%), cultural reasons (15.9%) and no reasons given (15.3%).Conclusion: The acceptability of NMMC by pregnant women and its integration with MCWH services was feasible. However socio-cultural factors, including the need for further consultation prior to consenting for NMMC procedures and preference of traditional circumcision by some women, need to be addressed in order to increase uptakes.

Erstes Instrument zur standardisierten Erfassung der Teilhabe Behinderter

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (07) ◽  
pp. 526-527
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Menschen Mit Behinderung

Coenen M et al. [Recommendation for the collection and analysis of data on participation and disability from the perspective of the World Health Organization]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2016; 59: 1060–1067 Um eine gleichberechtigte Teilhabe an der Gesellschaft von Menschen mit Behinderung zu ermöglichen, werden zunächst Daten zu vorhandenen Einschränkungen gebraucht. Erst wenn diese detailliert erhoben wurden, können Konzepte zur Beseitigung von Problemen entwickelt werden. Ein standardisiertes Erhebungsinstrument für alle Aspekte der Funktionsfähigkeit fehlte jedoch bisher.

Coronavirus diseases and pregnancy: COVID-19,SARS, and MERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 276-289
Author(s):  
Mobina Fathi ◽  
Kimia Vakili ◽  
Niloofar Deravi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Around the end of December 2019, a new beta-coronavirus from Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China began to spread rapidly. The new virus, called SARS-CoV-2, which could be transmitted through respiratory droplets, had a range of mild to severe symptoms, from simple cold in some cases to death in others. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was named COVID-19 by WHO and has so far killed more people than SARS and MERS. Following the widespread global outbreak of COVID-19, with more than 132758 confirmed cases and 4955 deaths worldwide, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic disease in January 2020. Earlier studies on viral pneumonia epidemics has shown that pregnant women are at greater risk than others. During pregnancy, the pregnant woman is more prone to infectious diseases. Research on both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which are pathologically similar to SARS-CoV-2, has shown that being infected with these viruses during pregnancy increases the risk of maternal death, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation and, preterm delivery. With the exponential increase in cases of COVID-19 throughout the world, there is a need to understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the health of pregnant women, through extrapolation of earlier studies that have been conducted on pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. There is an urgent need to understand the chance of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to fetus and the possibility of the virus crossing the placental barrier. Additionally, since some viral diseases and antiviral drugs may have a negative impact on the mother and fetus, in which case, pregnant women need special attention for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19.

COVID 19: REALS AND CHALLENGES AGAINST DOCTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-87
Author(s):  
Zen Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Pneumonia Case ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
Health Organization

Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) is a contagious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which was discovered in December 2019 in China. This disease can cause clinical manifestations in the airway, lung and systemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) representative of China reported a pneumonia case with unknown etiology in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China on December 31, 2019. The cause was identified as a new type of coronavirus on January 7, 2020 with an estimated source of the virus from traditional markets (seafood market). ) Wuhan city

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