scholarly journals How Birds and Other Adults Get Their Color Back

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M Coyle
Keyword(s):  
Direct Perception ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Adult Bird ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Color Displays ◽  
The Face ◽  
Mouth Color ◽  
Control Flight ◽  
Different Color

Lorenz's Kinderchenschema can lead to genetic repurposing (pleiotropy) as mutations that help infants survive are later used for adult mating. Around 2014 it was discovered that blue eyes and blond hair appeared first among human infants. Color attracts, essential for infant mammal survival. Pleiotroptic regulators were selected to enable these attribute to be retained in adults, as attraction capacity also increases mating success.Nestlings birds have beaks with internal membranes called gapes, frequently colorful and/or patterned. Beaks conserve vital genetic information, useful over 30 million years of radiation. Colorful gapes are present in monochromatic as well as species with colorful plumage. Gapes and the beak's cere are the only colored part of many raptors, a broad group related to ancestors of many landbirds. Gapes are bird Kinderchenschema, an infant display feature that compels parent behavior.Birds move in extradimensional space, with bifurcated visual systems that lets one side control flight in the face of distraction. Bright, bold displays aid navigation. Ecological psychology, developed for pilot training, established motion perception as the core of direct perception. Bird gapes serve as landing pads.Mammalian Kinderchenschema is dominated by superficial features of the head, such as eye and forehead size, to transact emotion that encourages protection and feeding. Atricial bird kinderchenschema also promotes protection and feeding. When nestlings are vulnerable to predation, internal mouth color remains hidden, protecting them. When nestling parents approach, the internal mouth color is exposed, enabling feeding.For a nestling color to be repurposed in plumage, it may trigger a conditioned response that aids selection. Nestling displays trigger adult bird neurotransmitters. Color can be disassociated from underlying structure and transferred, along with hormone release.There's a strong correlation between gape and plumage color. Adaptionist explanations of gape and feather colors emphasize nutrient conditions, but these increase saturation, not brilliance. It is color's attention-grabbing aspect that makes it so important for nestlings, and transferable for mating. Given changing environments, that require birds to evolve different color displays, the conserved resource of gape color is important.

Direct Perception of Speech

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Direct Perception ◽  
Lexical Knowledge ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
The Face ◽  
Invariance Problem ◽  
Speech Information ◽  
Perceptual Systems ◽  
Made In

The theory of speech perception as direct derives from a general direct-realist account of perception. A realist stance on perception is that perceiving enables occupants of an ecological niche to know its component layouts, objects, animals, and events. “Direct” perception means that perceivers are in unmediated contact with their niche (mediated neither by internally generated representations of the environment nor by inferences made on the basis of fragmentary input to the perceptual systems). Direct perception is possible because energy arrays that have been causally structured by niche components and that are available to perceivers specify (i.e., stand in 1:1 relation to) components of the niche. Typically, perception is multi-modal; that is, perception of the environment depends on specifying information present in, or even spanning, multiple energy arrays. Applied to speech perception, the theory begins with the observation that speech perception involves the same perceptual systems that, in a direct-realist theory, enable direct perception of the environment. Most notably, the auditory system supports speech perception, but also the visual system, and sometimes other perceptual systems. Perception of language forms (consonants, vowels, word forms) can be direct if the forms lawfully cause specifying patterning in the energy arrays available to perceivers. In Articulatory Phonology, the primitive language forms (constituting consonants and vowels) are linguistically significant gestures of the vocal tract, which cause patterning in air and on the face. Descriptions are provided of informational patterning in acoustic and other energy arrays. Evidence is next reviewed that speech perceivers make use of acoustic and cross modal information about the phonetic gestures constituting consonants and vowels to perceive the gestures. Significant problems arise for the viability of a theory of direct perception of speech. One is the “inverse problem,” the difficulty of recovering vocal tract shapes or actions from acoustic input. Two other problems arise because speakers coarticulate when they speak. That is, they temporally overlap production of serially nearby consonants and vowels so that there are no discrete segments in the acoustic signal corresponding to the discrete consonants and vowels that talkers intend to convey (the “segmentation problem”), and there is massive context-sensitivity in acoustic (and optical and other modalities) patterning (the “invariance problem”). The present article suggests solutions to these problems. The article also reviews signatures of a direct mode of speech perception, including that perceivers use cross-modal speech information when it is available and exhibit various indications of perception-production linkages, such as rapid imitation and a disposition to converge in dialect with interlocutors. An underdeveloped domain within the theory concerns the very important role of longer- and shorter-term learning in speech perception. Infants develop language-specific modes of attention to acoustic speech signals (and optical information for speech), and adult listeners attune to novel dialects or foreign accents. Moreover, listeners make use of lexical knowledge and statistical properties of the language in speech perception. Some progress has been made in incorporating infant learning into a theory of direct perception of speech, but much less progress has been made in the other areas.

scholarly journals Adult's Eyes Trigger Shifts of Visual Attention in Human Infants

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce M. Hood ◽  
J. Douglas Willen ◽  
Jon Driver
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Joint Attention ◽  
New Method ◽  
Attention Shift ◽  
Gaze Perception ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
The Face ◽  
Attention Shifts

Two experiments examined whether infants shift their visual attention in the direction toward which an adult's eyes turn. A computerized modification of previous joint-attention paradigms revealed that infants as young as 3 months attend in the same direction as the eyes of a digitized adult face. This attention shift was indicated by the latency and direction of their orienting to peripheral probes presented after the face was extinguished. A second experiment found a similar influence of direction of perceived gaze, but also that less peripheral orienting occurred if the central face remained visible during presentation of the probe. This may explain why attention shifts triggered by gaze perception have been difficult to observe in infants using previous naturalistic procedures. Our new method reveals both that direction of perceived gaze can be discriminated by young infants and that this perception triggers corresponding shifts of their own attention.

Predictability as a Metric of Automation Complexity

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay S. Vakil ◽  
R. John Hansman
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Mode Structure ◽  
Transport Aircraft ◽  
The Future ◽  
End To End

Current advanced commercial transport aircraft rely on Flight Management Systems. The increasing complexity of these systems has caused an increase in errors in interaction with aircraft automation. Previous research has focussed on identification of the elements of automation (mode structure, consistency, command languages and other) which may lead to faulty human-automation interactions. These approaches require the complex system to have underlying structure in an available and communicable form. In contrast, this paper discusses a more easily testable “end-to-end” metric which can be used independent of knowledge of this structure. The concept of predictability is presented as a candidate metric of the complexity of automation and is defined as a measure of how well an operator can anticipate what the system will do at some point in the future. In essence, this is a measure of the complement of how often a system will “surprise” an operator by acting in an unanticipated manner. The goal of this work is to identify areas of Flight Management Systems which have a strong impact on predictability to provide guidance in future designs and in current pilot training.

Three-Dimensional Caricatures of Human Heads: Distinctiveness and the Perception of Facial Age

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice J O'Toole ◽  
Thomas Vetter ◽  
Harald Volz ◽  
Elizabeth M Salter
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
Three Dimensional Representation ◽  
The Face ◽  
Apparent Age ◽  
Facial Age

A standard facial-caricaturing algorithm was applied to a three-dimensional representation of human heads. This algorithm sometimes produced heads that appeared ‘caricatured’. More commonly, however, exaggerating the distinctive three-dimensional information in a face seemed to produce an increase in the apparent age of the face—both at a local level, by exaggerating small facial creases into wrinkles, and at a more global level via changes that seemed to make the underlying structure of the skull more evident. Concomitantly, de-emphasis of the distinctive three-dimensional information in a face made it appear relatively younger than the veridical and caricatured faces. More formally, face-age judgments made by human observers were ordered according to the level of caricature, with anticaricatures judged younger than veridical faces, and veridical faces judged younger than caricatured faces. These results are discussed in terms of the importance of the nature of the features made more distinct by a caricaturing algorithm and the nature of human representation(s) of faces.

scholarly journals Putting the face in context: Body expressions impact facial emotion processing in human infants

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Purva Rajhans ◽  
Sarah Jessen ◽  
Manuela Missana ◽  
Tobias Grossmann
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Processing ◽  
Facial Emotion ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Facial Emotion Processing ◽  
The Face

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF CONTENT-BASED FACE IMAGE RETRIEVAL IN DIFFERENT COLOR SPACES

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (07) ◽  
pp. 873-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEICHUNG SHIH ◽  
CHENGJUN LIU
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Image Retrieval ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Face Image ◽  
Color Images ◽  
Grand Challenge ◽  
Color Spaces ◽  
The Face ◽  
Different Color

Content-based face image retrieval is concerned with computer retrieval of face images (of a given subject) based on the geometric or statistical features automatically derived from these images. It is well known that color spaces provide powerful information for image indexing and retrieval by means of color invariants, color histogram, color texture, etc. This paper assesses comparatively the performance of content-based face image retrieval in different color spaces using a standard algorithm, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which has become a popular algorithm in the face recognition community. In particular, we comparatively assess 12 color spaces (RGB, HSV, YUV, YCbCr, XYZ, YIQ, L*a*b*, U*V*W*, L*u*v*, I1I2I3, HSI, and rgb) by evaluating seven color configurations for every single color space. A color configuration is defined by an individual or a combination of color component images. Take the RGB color space as an example, possible color configurations are R, G, B, RG, RB, GB and RGB. Experimental results using 600 FERET color images corresponding to 200 subjects and 456 FRGC (Face Recognition Grand Challenge) color images of 152 subjects show that some color configurations, such as YV in the YUV color space and YI in the YIQ color space, help improve face retrieval performance.

scholarly journals Design and Application Research of All-Dielectric Nanostructure Colorful Display

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 2937
Author(s):  
Shishang Luo ◽  
Junbo Yang ◽  
Xin He ◽  
Sen Zhang ◽  
Ying Chen
Keyword(s):  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Metallic Nanostructures ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Structural Color ◽  
Structural Colors ◽  
Color Displays ◽  
Previous Design ◽  
Color Printing ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Color Filters

Structural colors generated by plasmonic resonances in metallic nanostructures have been intensively studied and exciting progress has been made. However, because of the inherent plasmon damping, the saturation of these colors generated by metallic nanostructures could not meet the needs of industrial applications. As a result, researchers increasingly focus on structural colors generated by all-dielectric nanostructures. In this paper, we discuss a type of all-dielectric nanostructure based on a previous design and analyze its optical properties extensively. The display of character T with different color is realized by using this nanostructure. The study helps the understanding of the influence of structural parameters on structural color and provides some guidance for future experiments. This work can impact the development of the structural color devices which can be applied in color printing, color displays, color filters, imaging, and energy harvesting, etc.

Techniques for Skin, Face, Eye and Lip Detection using Skin Segmentation in Color Images

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Hajiarbabi ◽  
Arvin Agah
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Face Detection ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Color Images ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Skin Segmentation ◽  
The Face ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Lip Detection

Face detection is a challenging and important problem in Computer Vision. In most of the face recognition systems, face detection is used in order to locate the faces in the images. There are different methods for detecting faces in images. One of these methods is to try to find faces in the part of the image that contains human skin. This can be done by using the information of human skin color. Skin detection can be challenging due to factors such as the differences in illumination, different cameras, ranges of skin colors due to different ethnicities, and other variations. Neural networks have been used for detecting human skin. Different methods have been applied to neural networks in order to increase the detection rate of the human skin. The resulting image is then used in the detection phase. The resulting image consists of several components and in the face detection phase, the faces are found by just searching those components. If the components consist of just faces, then the faces can be detected using correlation. Eye and lip detections have also been investigated using different methods, using information from different color spaces. The speed of face detection methods using color images is compared with other face detection methods.

EXTRACTING FEATURES OF THE HUMAN FACE FROM RGB-D IMAGES TO PLAN FACIAL SURGERIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (06) ◽  
pp. 2050042
Author(s):  
Hamed Heravi ◽  
Roghaieh Aghaeifard ◽  
Ali Rahimpour Jounghani ◽  
Afshin Ebrahimi ◽  
Masumeh Delgarmi
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Microsoft Kinect ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Depth Images ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Face ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Color Depth

Biometric identification of the human face is a pervasive subject which deals with a wide range of disciplines such as image processing, computer vision, pattern recognition, artificial intelligence, and cognitive psychology. Extracting key face points for developing software and commercial devices of face surgery analysis is one of the most challenging fields in computer image and vision processing. Many studies have developed a variety of techniques to extract facial features from color and gray images. In recent years, using depth information has opened up new approaches to researchers in the field of image processing. Hence, in this study, a statistical method is proposed to extract key nose points from color-depth images (RGB-D) of the face front view. In this study, the Microsoft Kinect sensor is used to produce the face RGB-D images. To assess the capability of the proposed method, this algorithm is applied to 20 RGB-D face images from the database collected in the ICT lab of Sahand University of Technology and promising results are achieved for extracting key points of the face. The results of this study indicated that using the available information in two different color-depth bands could make key points of the face more easily accessible and bring better results and we can conclude that the proposed algorithm provided a promising outcome for extracting the positions of key points.

scholarly journals Specialization of Neural Mechanisms Underlying Face Recognition in Human Infants

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle de Haan ◽  
Olivier Pascalis ◽  
Mark H. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
The Face ◽  
Human Faces

Newborn infants respond preferentially to simple face-like patterns, raising the possibility that the face-specific regions identified in the adult cortex are functioning from birth. We sought to evaluate this hypothesis by characterizing the specificity of infants' electrocortical responses to faces in two ways: (1) comparing responses to faces of humans with those to faces of nonhuman primates; and 2) comparing responses to upright and inverted faces. Adults' face-responsive N170 event-related potential (ERP) component showed specificity to upright human faces that was not observable at any point in the ERPs of infants. A putative “infant N170” did show sensitivity to the species of the face, but the orientation of the face did not influence processing until a later stage. These findings suggest a process of gradual specialization of cortical face processing systems during postnatal development.

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