scholarly journals Probability Field in Chaotic Intra-Entropic Interactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Szweizer ◽  
Rivka Schlagbaum
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Heavy Particles ◽  
High Agreement ◽  
Probability Field

In the article, it is shown that the concept of mass can be arrived at through a consideration of two probability fields interacting with each other. The interaction is subject to discontinuities. These, in turn, when being traversed, pose a resistance, which is perceived as mass. Thus, mass is a manifestation of discontinuity in the probability field. The approach allows for the retrieval of masses of elementary particles, providing high agreement with the experimental data. It also explains the longevity of the proton and explains why other heavy particles are short-lived. Moreover, the model presented in the paper sheds light on the nature of weak interactions.

scholarly journals Comparing the Tsallis Distribution with and without Thermodynamical Description inp+pCollisions

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zheng ◽  
Lilin Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Transverse Momentum ◽  
Transverse Energy ◽  
Transverse Mass ◽  
Heavy Particles ◽  
Momentum Spectra ◽  
Transverse Momentum Spectra ◽  
Extra Factor ◽  
Particle Spectra ◽  
Tsallis Distribution

We compare two types of Tsallis distribution, that is, with and without thermodynamical description, using the experimental data from the STAR, PHENIX, ALICE, and CMS Collaborations on the rapidity and energy dependence of the transverse momentum spectra inp+pcollisions. Both of them can fit the particle spectra well. We show that the Tsallis distribution with thermodynamical description gives lower temperatures than the ones without it. The extra factormT(transverse mass) in the Tsallis distribution with thermodynamical description plays an important role in the discrepancies between the two types of Tsallis distribution. But for the heavy particles, the choice to usemTorET(transverse energy) in the Tsallis distribution becomes more crucial.

NEUTRINO MIXING WITH NEW HEAVY PARTICLES IN THE SU(6)L ⊗ U(1)Y MODEL

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (26) ◽  
pp. 4143-4152
Author(s):  
R. GAITÁN ◽  
S. RODRIGUEZ-ROMO ◽  
A. HERNÁNDEZ-GALEANA ◽  
J. M. RIVERA-REBOLLEDO
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Decay Rate ◽  
Z Boson ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Neutrino Mixing ◽  
Heavy Particles ◽  
Ckm Matrix ◽  
Mixing Angles ◽  
Invisible Decay ◽  
The Invisible

We analyze the effects arisen from the mixing of heavy neutral fermions with the standard neutrinos in the SU (6)L ⊗ U (1)Y model. We obtain limits on the mixing angles between νe, νμ, ντ and the heavy neutral fermions of the model; these results are consistents with those predicted by using certain experimental constraints. This model also gives values for [Formula: see text], for the first row of the CKM matrix and for the invisible decay rate of the Z boson; its close agreement with the experimental data is shown. This behavior is expected since the standard neutrinos only mix with the exotic neutral leptons of the model which acquire mass in the first stage of SSB.

scholarly journals Novel Empirical Correlation Between the Optical Refractive Index and Energy Bandgap in Semiconductors: Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosam Mohamed Gomaa ◽  
I.S. Yahia ◽  
H.Y. Zahran
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Optical Band Gap ◽  
Energy Gap ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Oxide Glasses ◽  
High Agreement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Number Of Publications

Abstract This work is an attempt to review some of the most famous and important studies to correlate the optical-linear refractive index of a substance to its energy band-gap.The refractive index of different types of materials, like semiconductors, insulators, oxides, thin-films, and oxide glasses, has been reported in a large number of publications in attempts to the estimation of how it can be correlated to the optical band-gap. The present work can be considered as a comparative study between the most successful relations in correlating the refractive index to the energy gap. The careful reviewing of the previous studies to correlate the optical refractive index and energy gap led to concluded that Reddy and Ahmmed approximation was selected to develop a new realized form that can give a good fit to the experimental data and, hence, be used directly as an accurate formula in the theoretical studies. The obtained formula correlates the optical refractive index to the energy gap and the oxygen atom's electronegativity. Such relation has been used to calculate the refractive indices for more than 96 materials (elements/compounds) with a high agreement with the experimental data.

A Problem of Mass

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Iliopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Gauge Invariance ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Gauge Invariant ◽  
Zero Mass ◽  
Gauge Symmetries ◽  
Symmetry Properties ◽  
Long Range Interactions ◽  
The Masses

This chapter examines the constraints coming from the symmetry properties of the fundamental interactions on the possible values of the masses of elementary particles. We first establish a relation between the range of an interaction and the mass of the particle which mediates it. This relation implies, in particular, that long-range interactions are mediated by massless particles. Then we argue that gauge invariant interactions are long ranged and, therefore, the associated gauge particles must have zero mass. Second, we look at the properties of the constituents of matter, the quarks and the leptons. We introduce the notion of chirality and we show that the known properties of weak interactions, combined with the requirement of gauge invariance, force these particles also to be massless. The conclusion is that gauge symmetries appear to be incompatible with massive elementary particles, in obvious contradiction with experiment. This is the problem of mass.

scholarly journals Twenty years of searching for the Higgs boson: Exclusion at LEP, discovery at LHC

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (04) ◽  
pp. 1430004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dezső Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Higgs Boson ◽  
Large Hadron Collider ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Elementary Particles ◽  
Electron Positron ◽  
Large Electron Positron

The 40 years old Standard Model, the theory of particle physics, seems to describe all experimental data very well. All of its elementary particles were identified and studied apart from the Higgs boson until 2012. For decades, many experiments were built and operated searching for it, and finally, the two main experiments of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, CMS and ATLAS, in 2012 observed a new particle with properties close to those predicted for the Higgs boson. In this paper, we outline the search story: the exclusion of the Higgs boson at the Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider, and its observation at LHC.

On weak interactions of elementary particles

1958 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 894-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. d’Espagnat
Keyword(s):  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Elementary Particles

Weak Interactions of Elementary Particles

1966 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 714-714
Author(s):  
L. B. Okun' ◽  
D. Hywel White
Keyword(s):  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Elementary Particles

THEORY OF WEAK INTERACTIONS: RECENT DEVELOPMENT AND PROBLEMS

1988 ◽  
Vol 03 (12) ◽  
pp. 2769-2826 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. SHIFMAN
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Quantum Chromodynamics ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Quark Mass ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Heavy Quarks ◽  
Second Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Progress ◽  
K Meson

Accumulation of theoretical experience, on one hand, and experimental data, on the other, resulted in a considerable progress in weak interactions. The current literature concentrates mainly on such issues as the study of the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix and the application of quantum chromodynamics to concrete processes. Here I discuss the most interesting developing fields referring both to old (light) and new (heavy) hadrons. The first part is devoted to [Formula: see text] oscillations and other processes of the second order yielding information on Vbu and the t quark mass. The second and the largest part describes the modern QCD-based approaches in the traditional problems (K meson and hyperon physics) and in new problems associated with heavy quarks.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional Lagrangian Voronoï analysis for clustering of particles and bubbles in turbulence

2012 ◽  
Vol 693 ◽  
pp. 201-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiyuki Tagawa ◽  
Julián Martínez Mercado ◽  
Vivek N. Prakash ◽  
Enrico Calzavarini ◽  
Chao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Isotropic Turbulence ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Voronoi Cell ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Point Particle ◽  
Heavy Particles ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Light Particles

AbstractThree-dimensional Voronoï analysis is used to quantify the clustering of inertial particles in homogeneous isotropic turbulence using data sets from numerics in the point particle limit and one experimental data set. We study the clustering behaviour at different density ratios, particle response times (i.e. Stokes numbers $\mathit{St}$) and two Taylor–Reynolds numbers (${\mathit{Re}}_{\lambda } = 75$ and 180). The probability density functions (p.d.f.s) of the Voronoï cell volumes of light and heavy particles show different behaviour from that of randomly distributed particles, i.e. fluid tracers, implying that clustering is present. The standard deviation of the p.d.f. normalized by that of randomly distributed particles is used to quantify the clustering. The clustering for both light and heavy particles is stronger for higher ${\mathit{Re}}_{\lambda } $. Light particles show maximum clustering for $\mathit{St}$ around 1–2 for both Taylor–Reynolds numbers. The experimental data set shows reasonable agreement with the numerical results. The results are consistent with previous investigations employing other approaches to quantify the clustering. We also present the joint p.d.f.s of enstrophy and Voronoï volumes and their Lagrangian autocorrelations. The small Voronoï volumes of light particles correspond to regions of higher enstrophy than those of heavy particles, indicating that light particles cluster in higher vorticity regions. The Lagrangian temporal autocorrelation function of Voronoï volumes shows that the clustering of light particles lasts much longer than that of heavy or neutrally buoyant particles. Due to inertial effects arising from the density contrast with the surrounding liquid, light and heavy particles remain clustered for much longer times than the flow structures which cause the clustering.

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