scholarly journals Assessing vessel slowdown for reducing auditory masking for marine mammals and fish of the western Canadian Arctic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew K. Pine ◽  
David E. Hannay ◽  
Stephen J. Insley ◽  
William D. Halliday ◽  
Francis Juanes
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Auditory Masking ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Potential Relief ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Mitigation Option ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Cruise Ships ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Ambient Sound

Vessel slowdown may be an alternative mitigation option in regions where re-routing shipping corridors to avoid important marine mammal habitat is not possible. We investigated the potential relief in masking in marine mammals and fish from a 10 knot speed reduction of container and cruise ships. The mitigation effect from slower vessels was not equal between ambient sound conditions, species or vessel-type. Under quiet ambient conditions, a speed reduction from 25 to 15 knots resulted in smaller listening space reductions by 16–23%, 10–18%, 1–2%, 5–8% and 8% respectively for belugas, bowheads, bearded seals, ringed seals, and fish, depending on vessel-type. However, under noisy conditions, those savings were between 9 and 19% more, depending on the species. This was due to the differences in species' hearing sensitivities and the low ambient sound levels measured in the study region. Vessel slowdown could be an effective mitigation strategy for reducing masking.

Underwater noise and Arctic marine mammals: review and policy recommendations

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Halliday ◽  
Matthew K. Pine ◽  
Stephen J. Insley
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Auditory Masking ◽  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Ambient Sound

Underwater noise is an important issue globally. Underwater noise can cause auditory masking, behavioural disturbance, hearing damage, and even death for marine animals. While underwater noise levels have been increasing in nonpolar regions, noise levels are thought to be much lower in the Arctic where the presence of sea ice limits anthropogenic activities. However, climate change is causing sea ice to decrease, which is allowing for increased access for noisy anthropogenic activities. Underwater noise may have more severe impacts in the Arctic compared with nonpolar regions due to a combination of lower ambient sound levels and increased sensitivity of Arctic marine animals to underwater noise. Here, we review ambient sound levels in the Arctic, as well as the reactions of Arctic and sub-Arctic marine mammals to underwater noise. We then relate what is known about underwater noise in the Arctic to policies and management solutions for underwater noise and discuss whether Arctic-specific policies are necessary.

scholarly journals The influence of sea ice, wind speed and marine mammals on Southern Ocean ambient sound

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 160370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Menze ◽  
Daniel P. Zitterbart ◽  
Ilse van Opzeeland ◽  
Olaf Boebel
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Marine Mammal ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Austral Winter ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Ambient Sound ◽  
The Antarctic

This paper describes the natural variability of ambient sound in the Southern Ocean, an acoustically pristine marine mammal habitat. Over a 3-year period, two autonomous recorders were moored along the Greenwich meridian to collect underwater passive acoustic data. Ambient sound levels were strongly affected by the annual variation of the sea-ice cover, which decouples local wind speed and sound levels during austral winter. With increasing sea-ice concentration, area and thickness, sound levels decreased while the contribution of distant sources increased. Marine mammal sounds formed a substantial part of the overall acoustic environment, comprising calls produced by Antarctic blue whales ( Balaenoptera musculus intermedia ), fin whales ( Balaenoptera physalus ), Antarctic minke whales ( Balaenoptera bonaerensis ) and leopard seals ( Hydrurga leptonyx ). The combined sound energy of a group or population vocalizing during extended periods contributed species-specific peaks to the ambient sound spectra. The temporal and spatial variation in the contribution of marine mammals to ambient sound suggests annual patterns in migration and behaviour. The Antarctic blue and fin whale contributions were loudest in austral autumn, whereas the Antarctic minke whale contribution was loudest during austral winter and repeatedly showed a diel pattern that coincided with the diel vertical migration of zooplankton.

Coregulation in Salivary Cortisol During Maternal Holding of Premature Infants

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madalynn Neu ◽  
Mark L. Laudenslager ◽  
JoAnn Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Holding Time ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Ambient Sound ◽  
Antenatal Steroids ◽  
Postconceptional Age ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Cortisol Levels

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine coregulation between mothers and preterm infants in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system activity, as indicated by salivary cortisol levels, while mothers held their infants. The research questions were (a) does mother—infant coregulation in HPA activity occur during holding? and (b) if mother— infant coregulation in HPA activity exists during holding, do type of holding, antenatal steroids, sound level, and maternal touch influence this coregulation? Sample: The sample consisted of 20 mother— infant dyads with infants at a mean postconceptional age of 34.7 weeks (+0.7) and average postnatal age of 15 days (+9) at the time of cortisol sampling. Design: The design was exploratory using convenience sampling. Maternal and infant cortisol levels were obtained at Time 1 (baseline) and Time 2 (end of holding); at each time, the absolute differences in levels between mother and infant were determined. Coregulation was operationalized as less difference between maternal-infant cortisol levels immediately after holding (Time 2) as compared to before holding (Time 1). Results: The two variables with the highest correlation with the Time 1/Time 2 difference score included antenatal steroids and ambient sound level, which were entered into a linear regression equation as predictor variables. A coregulatory relationship in cortisol levels existed between mothers and infants during holding, which was moderated by sound levels. Nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) can facilitate the mother—infant relationship, as reflected in coregulatory measures, by promoting a quiet environment, particularly around mothers who are holding their infants.

Noise Control Decision Process for Marine Vessels

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Fischer ◽  
Louis M. Pettit
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Noise Control ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Radiated Noise ◽  
Underwater Radiated Noise ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Airborne Noise ◽  
Control Decision ◽  
Marine Vessels

There is a price to be paid to achieve compliance with the acoustic requirements imposed by regulatory agencies. Acoustic requirements typically appear in ship specifications as airborne and/or underwater radiated noise limits as the need to preclude hearing loss for crew members and the need to control sound levels experienced by marine mammals receive more recognition. Recent changes and additions to regulatory body requirements addressing compartment airborne noise and underwater radiated noise can be found in IMO Resolution MSC.337(91) Annex 1 and Annex 2 which state that IMO Resolution A.468(XII) “Code on Noise Levels Onboard Ships” shall take effect on 1 July 2014 for all SOLAS compliant vessels. Thus the airborne noise levels in compartments and at on-deck work stations onboard as-built ships seeking a SOLAS certificate will need to be measured, and must demonstrate compliance with noise limits stated in paragraph 4.2 of IMO Resolution A.468(XII). IMO “Guidelines for the Reduction of Underwater Noise from Commercial Shipping to Address Adverse Impacts on Marine Life” dated 7 April 2014 and agencies such as ICES and DNV have established guidance and/or criteria for control of underwater radiated noise from vessels, and these too are now commonly appearing in ship specifications. Specifications referencing such criteria typically require that compliance be demonstrated by at-sea testing of underwater radiated noise. Making the correct decisions during the ship design process will minimize costs for noise control and will provide a positive return on investment. The process of how best to comply with noise limits while minimizing costs through optimization of noise control treatments and design approaches is discussed.

scholarly journals Machine learning-based ensemble model predictions of outdoor ambient sound levels

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina Pedersen ◽  
Mark K. Transtrum ◽  
Kent L. Gee ◽  
Brooks A. Butler ◽  
Michael M. James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Ensemble Model ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Ambient Sound ◽  
Model Predictions

scholarly journals Assessing vessel slowdown for reducing auditory masking for marine mammals and fish of the western Canadian Arctic

2018 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 290-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew K. Pine ◽  
David E. Hannay ◽  
Stephen J. Insley ◽  
William D. Halliday ◽  
Francis Juanes
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Auditory Masking

Music Therapy in the Medical Care of Infants

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Shoemark ◽  
Trish Dearn
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Developmental Care ◽  
Physical Context ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Ambient Sound ◽  
Nutritive Sucking ◽  
History Of

This chapter describes the ways in which music therapy can be provided to preterm infants or full-term who require medical care for complex issues that require hospitalization after birth. The history of Newborn Music Therapy research includes the application of music to change pain, non-nutritive sucking, feeding, with kangaroo care, and in developmental care. The modalities include recorded music and singing, and live singing and gentle instrument playing. Underpinning the application of music in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are considerations of the ambient sound levels of the NICU, the age of the infant, the physical context, timing of session. The significance of the parents’ experience in family-centerd music therapy in hospital is highlighted, as is the pivotal role of the music therapist to stimulate and facilitate music as part of healthy infant development.

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