scholarly journals Historical heterogeneity predicts smiling

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Girard ◽  
Daniel McDuff
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Facial Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Open Expression ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Lower Population Density

Facial behavior is a valuable source of information about an individual's feelings and intentions. However, many factors combine to influence and moderate facial behavior including personality, gender, context, and culture. Due to the high cost of traditional observational methods, the relationship between culture and facial behavior is not well-understood. In the current study, we explored the sociocultural factors that influence facial behavior using large-scale observational analyses. We developed and implemented an algorithm to automatically analyze the smiling of 866,726 participants across 31 different countries. We found that participants smiled more when from a country that is higher in individualism, has a lower population density, and has a long history of immigration diversity (i.e., historical heterogeneity). Our findings provide the first evidence that historical heterogeneity predicts actual smiling behavior. Furthermore, they converge with previous findings using selfreport methods. Taken together, these findings support the theory that historical heterogeneity explains, and may even contribute to the development of, permissive cultural display rules that encourage the open expression of emotion.

Normative Sexual Behavior in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
William N. Friedrich ◽  
Patricia Grambsch ◽  
Daniel Broughton ◽  
James Kuiper ◽  
Robert L. Beilke
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Community Based ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family Variables ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

A large-scale, community-based survey was done to assess the frequency of a wide variety of sexual behaviors in normal preadolescent children and to measure the relationship of these behaviors to age, gender, and socioeconomic and family variables. A sample of 880 2-through 12-year-old children screened to exclude those with a history of sexual abuse were rated by their mothers using several questionnaire measures. The frequency of different behaviors varied widely, with more aggressive sexual behaviors and behaviors imitative of adults being rare. Older children (both boys and girls) were less sexual than younger children. Sexuality was found to be related to the level of general behavior problems, as measured by the Achenbach Internalizing and Externalizing T scores and to a measure of family nudity. It was not related to socioeconomic variables.

scholarly journals Reassessing the concept of the ‘Neolithic’ in the Jomon of Western Japan

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Kaner ◽  
Takeshi Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Neolithic Transition ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western Japan ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Late Palaeolithic

The concept of the Mesolithic/Neolithic transition is difficult to apply in the Japanese archipelago. The earliest pottery usage occurs in late Palaeolithic contexts. Holocene foragers lived in stable, permanent village settlements and constructed large scale monuments, and the first real ‘agriculture’ arrived as part of a cultural package which also included metallurgy. This paper will examine the use of the term ‘Neolithic’ in the history of Japanese archaeology, with particular emphasis on what happened in the western part of the archipelago in the latter part of the Jomon period (c. 5000 BC – c. 500 BC). Recent investigations in Kyushu and Western Honshu are leading to a re-assessment of the nature of Jomon culture and society in this region, traditionally considered to have ‘lagged behind’ the more developed societies of the eastern part of the archipelago, expressed in part through much lower population densities.

Aerobic Fitness and Physical Activity in Children

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 548-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Treadmill Test ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Activity Monitors ◽  
Meaningful Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

In Volume 1 of Pediatric Exercise Science (PES), a paper by Fenster et al. (25) investigated the relationship between peak oxygen uptake (peak V̇O2) and physical activity (PA) in 6- to 8-year-old children. They used both questionnaires and large-scale integrated activity monitors (LSIs) to estimate daily PA and determined peak V̇O2 using an incremental treadmill test to volitional exhaustion. They concluded that peak V̇O2 correlated well with PA as measured by LSIs but commented that questionnaire data were only weakly and nonsignificantly associated with LSI and peak V̇O2 data. Peak V̇O2 and PA are the most researched and reported variables in the 25-year history of PES. Yet, the assessment and interpretation of young people’s aerobic fitness and PA remain problematic and any meaningful relationship between them during childhood and adolescence is shrouded with controversy. The present paper uses Fenster et al.’s (25) report as an indicator of where we were 25 years ago, outlines how far we have advanced since then, and suggests future directions of research in the study of aerobic fitness and PA.In the first volume of PES, Fenster et al. (25) investigated the relationship between 6- to 8-year-old children’s peak oxygen uptake (peak V̇O2) and physical activity (PA). Five boys and 13 girls participated in the study and their data were pooled for analysis. Peak V̇O2 was determined during an incremental treadmill test to voluntary exhaustion and PA was estimated using both questionnaires and large-scale integrated activity monitors (LSIs). On the basis of a significant interclass correlation coefficient of r = .59 between peak V̇O2 and the log of LSI average counts per hour Fenster et al. (25) concluded that “aerobic capacity, as measured by peak V̇O2 correlated well with physical activity as measured by LSI” (p.134).They also commented that questionnaire data were only weakly and nonsignificantly associated with LSI and peak V̇O2 data. Young people’s peak V̇O2 and PA are the most researched and reported variables in the 25-year history of PES and yet the assessment and interpretation of peak V̇O2 and PA and any meaningful relationship between them during growth and maturation are still shrouded with controversy. The present paper uses Fenster et al.’s (25) work as an indicator of our understanding of young people’s peak V̇O2 and PA in 1989, briefly reviews what we know in 2013, and suggests future directions of research.

New Materialism and the New History of Emotions

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-183
Author(s):  
Katie Barclay
Keyword(s):  
New Materialism ◽  
History Of Emotions ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Karen Barad ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

A key question for historians of emotion has been the relationship between the expression of emotion and the corporeal experience of emotion by historical subjects. Recently, work indebted to practice and performance theories has emphasised language’s productive capacities to produce emotion performatively. New Materialism extends this conversation by suggesting an alternative imagining of ‘matter’ – the corporeal – which attributes it greater agency in systems of discursive production. This article explores in particular the work of theorist Karen Barad and the implications of her work for the history of emotions.

scholarly journals Democratizing psychological insights from analysis of nonverbal behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel McDuff ◽  
Jeffrey M. Girard
Keyword(s):  
Nonverbal Behavior ◽  
Affective Computing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Automated Analysis ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Facial Behavior ◽  
Automated Tools ◽  
Public Datasets ◽  
Scientific Questions

The affective computing community has invested heavily in building automated tools for the analysis of facial behavior and the expression of emotion. These tools present a valuable, but largely untapped, opportunity for social scientists to perform observational analyses of nonverbal behavior at very large scale. Various tech companies are collecting huge corpora of images and videos from around the world that could be used to study important scientific questions. However, privacy restrictions and intellectual property concerns render these data inaccessible to most academics. Unfortunately, this limits the potential for scientific advancement and leads to the consolidation of data and opportunity into the hands of a few powerful institutions. In this paper, we ask whether similar psychological insights can be gained by analyzing smaller, public datasets that are more within reach for academic researchers. As a proof-of-concept for this idea, we gather, analyze, and release a corpus of public images and metadata and use it to replicate recent psychological findings about smiling, gender, and culture. In so doing, we provide evidence that psychological insights can indeed by democratized through the automated analysis of nonverbal behavior.

scholarly journals Dissemination Dynamics of Receding Words: A Diachronic Case Study of Whom

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Bohmann ◽  
Martin Bohmann ◽  
Lars Hinrichs
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Frequency Change ◽  
General Correlation ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Past 300 Years

We explore the relationship between word dissemination and frequency change for a rapidly receding feature, the relativizer whom. The success of newly emerging words has been shown to correlate with high dissemination scores. However, the reverse—a correlation of lower dissemination scores with receding features—has not been investigated. Based on two established and two newly developed measures of word dissemination—across texts, linguistic environments, registers, and topics—we show that a general correlation between dissemination and frequency does not obtain in the case of whom. Different dissemination measures diverge from each other and show internally variable developments. These can, however, be explained with reference to the specific sociolinguistic history of whom over the past 300 years. Our findings suggest that the relationship between dissemination and word success is not static, but needs to be contextualized against different stages in individual words’ life-cycles. Our study demonstrates the applicability of large-scale, quantitative measures to qualitatively informed sociolinguistic research.

scholarly journals The relationship between mothers’ and their daughters’ family size emerged in the United States during the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Pink ◽  
Tobias Ebert ◽  
Jana Berkessel ◽  
Thorsteinn Jónsson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intergenerational Continuity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Considerable Doubt

For more than a century, a key question of the social sciences has been whether daughters’ family sizes relate to their mothers’ family sizes. Contemporary evidence confirms that, in developed countries, women from larger families indeed tend to have more children themselves. There is considerable doubt, however, whether intergenerational continuity in childbearing constitutes a universal feature of human societies. Based on a large-scale web-harvested collection of online memorials, we show that intergenerational continuity in childbearing in the U.S. emerged only in the first half of the 19th century, paralleling the country’s marked fertility decline. Furthermore, we show that statewide differences in intergenerational continuity in childbearing coincide with statewide differences in abortion laws. This suggests that control over individual fertility was a major driver of the emergence of intergenerational continuity in childbearing. This finding suggests that, although intergenerational continuity in childbearing has appeared only relatively recently in the history of humankind, it will eventually become relevant worldwide.

scholarly journals Karay-Saltykovo in Vyazhli: letters to G.F. and N.A. Petrovo-Solovovo to Baratynsky

Neophilology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 522-535
Author(s):  
Kseniia V. Donik
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Local History ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

The work is a commentary on the publication of several letters, which obviously constituted the regular correspondence that existed in the 1840–1880s between the owners of two estates in the Kirsanovsky County of the Tambov Governorate – G.F. and N.A. Petrovo-Solovovo, whose estate was in the Karay-Saltykovo Village, and S.A. and S.M. Baratynsky, who lived in the Mara (Vyazhli). Several letters preserved in the Baratynsky Foundation at the Institute of Russian Lite-rature (Pushkin House), Russian Academy of Sciences (IRLI RAS) represent friendly correspon-dence in Russian and French, covering a large number of topics of everyday life in a country es-tate. The fact of this correspondence is interesting in the historical and literary aspect. First of all, letters are bilingual texts, the choice of language in which gives rise to reflection on the nature of the relationship in the nobility of the neighboring community that developed in one of the central Russian counties in the middle of the 19th century. This acquires special significance in cases when documents not only reveal the fact of existing social connections in general, but also, based on observation of the language, style, and emotional mode of letters, make it possible to judge the nature and duration of such connections in the community. Being one of the main historical sources, correspondence materials supplement the evidence of other documents about the past of two noble estates. In particular, this applies to historical information about the estates’ owners. And if there was always a steady interest in Mara (Vyazhli) in connection with the large-scale fig-ure of E.A. Baratynsky, then the history of the Karay-Saltykovsky estate and several generations of its inhabitants today suffers from incompleteness, contradictions in the structure of local history narrative, extreme limited archival material and the absence of introducing new sources into the research field. The publication of letters from the first generation of the inhabitants of the estate in Karay-Saltykovo partly fills this gap. We use textual methods, classical historical study principles of external and internal criticism of the source.

The relationship between agricultural production and amphora manufacture on Roman Crete

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 373-386
Author(s):  
Scott Gallimore
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Cultural Impact ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Relationship

While there have been a number of inquiries into agricultural production and amphora manufacture, discussion of the relationship between the two remains limited. A recent article by A. Bevan that examines the history of ‘containerization’ in the Mediterranean from the early Bronze Age to the 20th c. A.D. illustrates one side. It focuses on different manifestations of containers, emphasizing their cultural impact over the whole history of civilization in the region. While underscoring the importance of these transport vessels as packaging, particularly for liquid commodities, he provides limited consideration of the mechanisms behind the goods moving into these containers. Studies concerned with agricultural production are also on the rise, but scholars often limit the focus to amphorae. For instance, in analyzing capital investment in large-scale farms, A. Marzano commented: rather than attempting a study of agricultural production through the containers for foodstuffs, this investigation focuses on the presses, the machinery for the processing of grapes and olive.

scholarly journals The Hebrew Bible as Mythic “Vocabulary”: Towards a New Comparative Mythology

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 459
Author(s):  
Andrew Tobolowsky
Keyword(s):  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Biblical Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

In this article, I argue that the history of the study of myth in the Hebrew Bible has been, and continues to be, shaped in negative ways by an essentially Romantic Nationalist understanding of the relationship between a people and their traditions. I then argue that more appropriate ways of modeling the construction of the Bible’s myths, combined with new investigations into the historical development of biblical traditions themselves, reveals a surprising continuity between the myth-making activity of biblical authors and editors and that of all those who retell and adapt biblical traditions in extrabiblical materials. I conclude that the existence of large-scale continuities between the adaptation of biblical traditions in different periods allows for a new kind of comparative investigation. By studying the use of biblical traditions in biblical literature, extrabiblical literature, and art, on approximately equal terms, we can gain new insights about the construction of biblical myths themselves, while connecting the study of the Hebrew Bible far more closely to the study of other bodies of tradition, elsewhere and later on.

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