scholarly journals Intention-Outcome Asymmetry Effect

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arunima Sarin ◽  
David Lagnado ◽  
Paul Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Moral Agent ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Asymmetry Effect

Knowledge of intention and outcome is integral to making judgments of responsibility, blame, and causality. Yet, little is known about the effect of conflicting intentions and outcomes on these judgments. In a series of four experiments, we combine good and bad intentions with positive and negative outcomes, presenting these through everyday moral scenarios. Our results demonstrate an asymmetry in responsibility, causality, and blame judgments for the two incongruent conditions: well-intentioned agents are regarded more morally and causally responsible for negative outcomes than ill-intentioned agents are held for positive outcomes. This novel effect of an intention-outcome asymmetry identifies an unexplored aspect of moral judgment and is partially explained by extra inferences that participants make about the actions of the moral agent.

scholarly journals The Intention-Outcome Asymmetry Effect

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arunima Sarin ◽  
David A. Lagnado ◽  
Paul W. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Moral Agent ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Asymmetry Effect ◽  
Abstract Knowledge

Abstract. Knowledge of intention and outcome is integral to making judgments of responsibility, blame, and causality. Yet, little is known about the effect of conflicting intentions and outcomes on these judgments. In a series of four experiments, we combine good and bad intentions with positive and negative outcomes, presenting these through everyday moral scenarios. Our results demonstrate an asymmetry in responsibility, causality, and blame judgments for the two incongruent conditions: well-intentioned agents are regarded more morally and causally responsible for negative outcomes than ill-intentioned agents are held for positive outcomes. This novel effect of an intention-outcome asymmetry identifies an unexplored aspect of moral judgment and is partially explained by extra inferences that participants make about the actions of the moral agent.

Reality Negotiation

2009 ◽  
pp. 474-482
Author(s):  
Raymond L. Higgins ◽  
Matthew W. Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Positive Psychology ◽  
Social Constructionist ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Negotiation Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Coping Processes

This chapter presents an overview of the development and status of the reality negotiation construct and relates it to a variety of coping processes. The reality negotiation construct follows from the social constructionist tradition and first appeared in discussions of how excuses protect self-images by decreasing the causal linkage to negative outcomes. The reality negotiation construct was later expanded to include a discussion of how the process of hoping may be used to increase perceived linkage to positive outcomes. In the two decades since these constructs were first introduced, four individual differences measures have been developed, and the effects of these reality negotiation techniques have been studied extensively. Reality negotiation techniques can be both maladaptive and adaptive and have been shown to be associated with coping and social support in a variety of populations. The chapter concludes by highlighting a few areas in which reality negotiation research could expand to further its relevance and applicability to the field of positive psychology.

Predictors of Job Stress Among Southern Correctional Staff

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric G. Lambert ◽  
Linda D. Keena ◽  
Stacy H. Haynes ◽  
David May ◽  
Matthew C. Leone
Keyword(s):  
Job Stress ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Job Demands ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Correctional Staff ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Fear Of Victimization ◽  
Positive Effects

Job stress is a problem in corrections. Although the very nature of correctional work is stressful, workplace variables also contribute to correctional staff job stress. The job demands-resource model holds that job demands increase negative outcomes (e.g., job stress) and decrease positive outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction), whereas job resources help increase positive outcomes and decrease negative outcomes. An ordinary least squares regression analysis of self-reported survey data from 322 staff at a Southern prison indicated that input into decision-making and quality supervision had statistically significant negative effects on job stress, whereas role overload and fear of victimization had significant positive effects. Instrumental communication, views of training, and role clarity all had nonsignificant associations with stress from the job in the multivariate analysis. The results partially supported the job demands-resources model; however, the specific work environment variables varied in terms of their statistical significance. Correctional administrators need to be aware of the contribution that workplace variables have on job stress and make changes to reduce staff job stress.

Within Your Control? When Problem Solving May Be Most Helpful

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 932-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel D. Sarfan ◽  
Peter Gooch ◽  
Elise M. Clerkin
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Behavioral Avoidance ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategy ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Perception Of Performance

Emotion regulation strategies have been conceptualized as adaptive or maladaptive, but recent evidence suggests emotion regulation outcomes may be context-dependent. The present study tested whether the adaptiveness of a putatively adaptive emotion regulation strategy—problem solving—varied across contexts of high and low controllability. The present study also tested rumination, suggested to be one of the most putatively maladaptive strategies, which was expected to be associated with negative outcomes regardless of context. Participants completed an in vivo speech task, in which they were randomly assigned to a controllable ( n = 65) or an uncontrollable ( n = 63) condition. Using moderation analyses, we tested whether controllability interacted with emotion regulation use to predict negative affect, avoidance, and perception of performance. Partially consistent with hypotheses, problem solving was associated with certain positive outcomes (i.e., reduced behavioral avoidance) in the controllable (vs. uncontrollable) condition. Consistent with predictions, rumination was associated with negative outcomes (i.e., desired avoidance, negative affect, negative perception of performance) in both conditions. Overall, findings partially support contextual models of emotion regulation, insofar as the data suggest that the effects of problem solving may be more adaptive in controllable contexts for certain outcomes, whereas rumination may be maladaptive regardless of context.

AI risks being misunderstood in the workplace

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Effective Use

Subject AI in the workplace. Significance Positive use cases for artificial intelligence (AI) systems are rising, but misuse means the number of negative examples is also rising, drawing attention to how to regulate it. Impacts Effective use of AI within appropriate contexts will improve business performance in many sectors. Current law is not suitable for some emerging forms of AI, but to gain competitiveness, some regions may prioritise efficiency over safety. Misuse of AI will become a major source of negative outcomes at work, likely outweighing the positive outcomes. Future uses of AI will become increasingly hard to manage or regulate. Firms expanding their 'ethical' activities and then arguing that more regulation would limit them will raise fears of ‘ethical washing’.

The Sporting Choice-A Decision/Expectancy Model

1982 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Decky Fiedler ◽  
Lee Roy Beach
Keyword(s):  
Stated Preference ◽  
College Men ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Sports Activities

This study uses a Decision/Expectancy model to examine factors contributing to sports preference for college men and women at three levels of participation. Subjects rated the utility of outcomes for nine sports (a sampling of team and nonteam, competitive and recreational activities) and their expectations that each outcome would occur given that they participated in each sport. Subjects were divided into six groups according to current and recent participation in sports activities. A relationship was found between current level of participation and age of earliest participation. Subjective Expected Utilities (SEUs) for groups suggest that differences between groups having different levels of participation were not in their assessments of the utilities of outcomes of participation, because all subjects found positive outcomes equally favorable and negative outcomes equally unfavorable. The groups did differ, however, in their assessment of the probabilities that positive or negative outcomes would occur as a result of their participation. Men and women were very similar in their evaluations. There was a high correlation for groups between SEU and stated preference for the nine sports.

The Mental Simulation of Motor Incapacity in Depression

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Lindeman ◽  
Lyn Y. Abramson
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Mental Simulation ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Causal Mechanisms ◽  
Motor Movement ◽  
Negative Beliefs ◽  
Physical Weakness

In depression, negative beliefs are coupled with profound physical weakness. Specifically, the belief that one is incapable of altering events in order to prevent expected negative outcomes or bring about positive outcomes leads to bodily symptoms characterized by low energy, slow motor movement, and delays in the initiation of movement. The purpose of this article is to present a theoretical model describing the causal mechanisms that link these cognitive and somatic elements of depression. We propose that (a) the inability to alter events is conceptualized metaphorically as motor incapacity; (b) as part of this conceptualization, the experience of motor incapacity is mentally simulated; and (c) this simulation leads to both subjective feelings of lethargy and peripheral physiological changes consistent with motor incapacity.

Reality Negotiation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew W. Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Positive Psychology ◽  
Social Constructionist ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Negotiation Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Coping Processes

This chapter presents an overview of the development and status of the reality negotiation construct and relates it to a variety of coping processes. The reality negotiation construct follows from the social constructionist tradition and first appeared in discussions of how excuses protect self-images by decreasing the causal linkage to negative outcomes. The reality negotiation construct was later expanded to include a discussion of how the process of hoping may be used to increase perceived linkage to positive outcomes. In the three decades since these constructs were first introduced, five individual differences measures have been developed, and the effects of these reality negotiation techniques have been studied extensively. Reality negotiation techniques can be both maladaptive and adaptive and have been shown to be associated with coping and social support in a variety of populations. The chapter concludes by highlighting a few areas in which reality negotiation research could expand to further its relevance and applicability to the field of positive psychology.

scholarly journals Joining a group diverts regret and responsibility away from the individual

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1922) ◽  
pp. 20192251
Author(s):  
Marwa El Zein ◽  
Bahador Bahrami
Keyword(s):  
Group Decision ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Protective Shield ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Lottery Choices ◽  
Negative Outcome

It has recently been proposed that a key motivation for joining groups is the protection from the negative consequences of undesirable outcomes. To test this claim, we investigated how experienced outcomes triggering loss and regret impacted people's tendency to decide alone or join a group, and how decisions differed when voluntarily made alone versus in group. Replicated across two experiments, participants ( n = 125 and n = 496) selected whether to play alone or contribute their vote to a group decision. Next, they chose between two lotteries with different probabilities of winning and losing. The higher the negative outcome, the more participants switched from deciding alone to with others. When joining a group to choose the lottery, choices were less driven by outcome and regret anticipation. Moreover, negative outcomes experienced alone, not part of a group vote, led to worse subsequent choices than positive outcomes. These results suggest that the protective shield of the collective reduces the influence of negative emotions that may help individuals re-evaluate past choices.

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