scholarly journals The Bi-Dimensional Rejection Taxonomy: Organizing Responses to Social Rejection along Antisocial–Prosocial and Engaged–Disengaged Dimensions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoyuki Sunami ◽  
Megan Ann Nadzan ◽  
Lisa M Jaremka
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Rejection ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Responses ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Interpersonal Responses ◽  
New Framework

Interpersonal responses to social rejection vary widely in form and function. Existing theories of social rejection have exclusively focused on organizing these responses on a single antisocial–prosocial dimension. Accumulating evidence suggests a gap in this approach: variability in social responses to rejection cannot solely be explained by the antisocial–prosocial dimension alone. To fill this gap, we propose the bi-dimensional rejection taxonomy, consisting of the antisocial–prosocial x-axis and engaged-disengaged y-axis, a novel contribution to the literature. We demonstrate that both the x- and y-axes are necessary for understanding interpersonal responses to rejection and avoiding erroneous conclusions. We also show how this new framework allows researchers to generate more nuanced and accurate hypotheses about how people respond when rejected. We further demonstrate how existing research about individual differences and situational factors that predict responses to rejection can be viewed in a new light within the bi-dimensional rejection taxonomy. We conclude by suggesting how the taxonomy inspires innovative questions for future research, including understanding spontaneous responses and neurophysiological markers.

Conclusions

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte R. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
Religious Architecture ◽  
And Function

This book began by stating that histories of religious architecture can be accounts of both buildings and people. This particular history, focused on the archaeological evidence for the development of cult buildings in early central Italy, has reconsidered traditional narratives about the form and function of Etrusco-Italic religious architecture and proposed an alternative reconstruction of how their architects and audiences may have interacted with one another in Rome, Latium, and Etruria between the ninth and the sixth centuries BC. Comparison with the construction of monumental temples elsewhere also indicated that settlements including Rome, Satricum, Pyrgi, and Tarquinia can perhaps be considered part of a network of Archaic Mediterranean settlements with material, commercial, and religious connections, and that monumental architecture may have been a mechanism for successful social interaction. This study has therefore supported the suggestion that the physical and social fabric of ancient communities were closely linked, and that regional studies of Latium and Etruria may furthermore benefit from being set in Italic and Mediterranean contexts. This concluding chapter briefly recapitulates the arguments made in the main body of the book and the significance of each of those arguments for studies of ancient architecture and society. It also assesses how these findings relate to broader debates about Archaic Italy. Finally, it acknowledges the limitations of this analysis and highlights opportunities for future research. Part I of this book demonstrated that ancient religious architecture was a protean phenomenon. Three chapters analysed the ambiguous evidence for Iron Age sacred huts, the range of different buildings types associated with ritual activities in the seventh century BC, and the emergence of a separate architectural language for religious buildings during the Archaic period. Detailed analyses of foundations and roofs revealed that as changes in technology and society led to the widespread use of more permanent building materials, the physical fabric of central Italic settlements was also increasingly marked by the use of particular architectural forms and decorations to differentiate cult buildings from other structures, setting them apart in a form of architectural consecration.

scholarly journals Social Responses to Media Technologies in the 21st Century: The Media are Social Actors Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 29-55
Author(s):  
Matthew Lombard ◽  
Kun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Actor ◽  
Social Responses ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Media

Clifford Nass and his colleagues proposed the Computers Are Social Actors (CASA) paradigm in the 1990s and demonstrated that we treat computers in some of the ways we treat humans. To account for technological advances and to refine explanations for CASA results, this paper proposes the Media Are Social Actors (MASA) paradigm. We begin by distinguishing the roles of primary and secondary cues in evoking medium-as-social-actor presence and social responses. We then discuss the roles of individual differences and contextual factors in these responses and identify mindless and mindful anthropomorphism as two major complementary mechanisms for understanding MASA phenomena. Based on evolutionary psychology explanations for socialness, we conclude with nine formal propositions and suggestions for future research to test and apply MASA.

scholarly journals Primary Care Patient Records in the United Kingdom: Past, Present, and Future Research Priorities (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian McMillan ◽  
Robert Eastham ◽  
Benjamin Brown ◽  
Richard Fitton ◽  
David Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Primary Care Patient ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Care Patient ◽  
Patient Record ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
And Function

UNSTRUCTURED This paper briefly outlines the history of the medical record and the factors contributing to the adoption of computerized records in primary care in the United Kingdom. It discusses how both paper-based and electronic health records have traditionally been used in the past and goes on to examine how enabling patients to access their own primary care record online is changing the form and function of the patient record. In addition, it looks at the evidence for the benefits of Web-based access and discusses some of the challenges faced in this transition. Finally, some suggestions are made regarding the future of the patient record and research questions that need to be addressed to help deepen our understanding of how they can be used more beneficially by both patients and clinicians.

scholarly journals Is Extreme in the Eye of the Beholder? An Experimental Assessment of Extremist Cognitions

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052095864
Author(s):  
Neil Shortland ◽  
Elias Nader ◽  
Lisa Thompson ◽  
Marek Palasinski
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
And Function

Scholars have extensively discussed the topic of “online radicalization,” often seeking to understand the form and function of online extremist material. However, this work has neglected to examine the role that the Internet plays alongside individual personality factors in the process through which someone develops violent extremist cognitions. This article aims to extend the understanding of the role of personality differences in the effect of exposure to extremist material online. In this study, we experimentally measure the short-term psychological consequences of exposure to extremist material on extremist cognitions. We use a between-group experimental design in which participants are shown extremist propaganda with either pre- or post-counter messages. Our results indicate that trait personality, and specifically aggression, may be more influential than exposure to extremist propaganda in influencing extremist cognitions. We discuss the implications of these results in the context of future research directions.

scholarly journals Navigating Regional Environmental Governance

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Balsiger ◽  
Stacy D. VanDeveer
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Multilevel Governance ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Environmental Cooperation ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
And Function

Global environmental governance is growing increasingly complex and recent scholarship and practice raise a number of questions about the continued feasibility of negotiating and implementing an ever-larger set of global environmental agreements. In the search for alternative conceptual models and normative orders, regional environmental governance (REG) is (re)emerging as a significant phenomenon in theory and practice. Although environmental cooperation has historically been more prevalent at the regional than at the global level, and has informed much of what we know today about international environmental cooperation, REG has been a neglected topic in the scholarly literature on international relations and international environmental politics. This introduction to the special issue situates theoretical arguments linked to REG in the broader literature, including the nature of regions, the location of regions in multilevel governance, and the normative arguments advanced for and against regional orders. It provides an overview of empirical work; offers quantitative evidence of REG's global distribution; advances a typology of REG for future research; and introduces the collection of research articles and commentaries through the lens of three themes: form and function, multilevel governance, and participation.

scholarly journals The Organization and Operation of Inferior Temporal Cortex

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bevil R. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Scene Perception ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
High Acuity ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Function

Inferior temporal cortex (IT) is a key part of the ventral visual pathway implicated in object, face, and scene perception. But how does IT work? Here, I describe an organizational scheme that marries form and function and provides a framework for future research. The scheme consists of a series of stages arranged along the posterior-anterior axis of IT, defined by anatomical connections and functional responses. Each stage comprises a complement of subregions that have a systematic spatial relationship. The organization of each stage is governed by an eccentricity template, and corresponding eccentricity representations across stages are interconnected. Foveal representations take on a role in high-acuity object vision (including face recognition); intermediate representations compute other aspects of object vision such as behavioral valence (using color and surface cues); and peripheral representations encode information about scenes. This multistage, parallel-processing model invokes an innately determined organization refined by visual experience that is consistent with principles of cortical development. The model is also consistent with principles of evolution, which suggest that visual cortex expanded through replication of retinotopic areas. Finally, the model predicts that the most extensively studied network within IT—the face patches—is not unique but rather one manifestation of a canonical set of operations that reveal general principles of how IT works.

scholarly journals Sperm wars and the evolution of male fertility

Reproduction ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh W Simmons ◽  
John L Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sperm Length ◽  
Seminal Fluid Proteins ◽  
Control Male ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

Females frequently mate with several males, whose sperm then compete to fertilize available ova. Sperm competition represents a potent selective force that is expected to shape male expenditure on the ejaculate. Here, we review empirical data that illustrate the evolutionary consequences of sperm competition. Sperm competition favors the evolution of increased testes size and sperm production. In some species, males appear capable of adjusting the number of sperm ejaculated, depending on the perceived levels of sperm competition. Selection is also expected to act on sperm form and function, although the evidence for this remains equivocal. Comparative studies suggest that sperm length and swimming speed may increase in response to selection from sperm competition. However, the mechanisms driving this pattern remain unclear. Evidence that sperm length influences sperm swimming speed is mixed and fertilization trials performed across a broad range of species demonstrate inconsistent relationships between sperm form and function. This ambiguity may in part reflect the important role that seminal fluid proteins (sfps) play in affecting sperm function. There is good evidence that sfps are subject to selection from sperm competition, and recent work is pointing to an ability of males to adjust their seminal fluid chemistry in response to sperm competition from rival males. We argue that future research must consider sperm and seminal fluid components of the ejaculate as a functional unity. Research at the genomic level will identify the genes that ultimately control male fertility.

Communication Profiles of Two Types of Gesture Using Nonverbal Persons With Severe to Profound Mental Retardation

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. McLean ◽  
Lee K. S. McLean ◽  
Nancy C. Brady ◽  
Rhonda Etter
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Severe Mental Retardation ◽  
Intentional Communication ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Profound Mental Retardation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Structured Communication

A structured communication sampling procedure was used to measure the form and function characteristics of intentional communication acts produced by nonverbal adults with severe mental retardation. Four “contact” subjects (who communicated only with contact gestures) and 4 “distal” subjects (who used distal as well as contact gestures) participated in this study. All subjects produced communication acts that were coded as initiations, and all subjects produced protoimperative-type communication acts. However, contact subjects produced no protodeclarative-type communication acts, whereas all distal subjects produced some protodeclaratives. Distal subjects lso produced significantly more repair/recast acts than did contact subjects. Other findings included a tendency for distal subjects to communicate at a higher rate, to initiate more communication acts, and to produce more accompanying wordlike vocalizations than contact subjects. These results are discussed in light of Werner and Kaplan’s (1984) concept of distancing as central to symbolization. Implications for future research and for clinical practice are also discussed.

Relationships Between Vocalization Forms and Functions in Infancy: Preliminary Implications for Early Communicative Assessment and Intervention

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suneeti Nathani Iyer ◽  
David J. Ertmer
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Developmental Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Communicative Development ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
Cross Classification ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
And Function

Purpose This preliminary study explored relationships between form and function in prelinguistic vocalizations to increase our understanding of early communicative development and to provide potential clinical implications for early communicative assessment and intervention. Method Twenty typically developing infants—5 infants in each of 4 age groups, from 3 to 20 months of age—were included. Vocalizations from these infants had previously been categorized for their form (Nathani, Ertmer, & Stark, 2006) and function (Stark, Bernstein, & Demorest, 1993) characteristics. In the present study, cross-classification tabulations between form and function were conducted to examine relationships between vocalization types and their apparent uses. Results As anticipated, earlier developing forms were mostly associated with earlier developing functions, and later developing forms were mostly associated with later developing functions. However, there were some exceptions such that some forms were associated with a variety of functions, and vice versa. Conclusions The results suggest that some forms are more tightly coupled to function than others in the prelinguistic and early linguistic period. Preliminary implications for developmental theory, future research, and clinical applications are discussed. Larger, longitudinal studies with typical and atypical populations and stricter methodological controls are needed to validate these findings.

scholarly journals Markedness Theory and Conditional Clauses: An Interlanguage Developmental Study of Iraqi EFL Learners

2017 ◽  
Vol 220 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-58
Author(s):  
Tahani Awad Jasim Al-Tameemi (MA)
Keyword(s):  
English Learners ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Acquisition Order ◽  
And Function

    This study investigates how the linguistic factor of markedness theory affects Iraqi EFL Learners’ acquisition order of English conditional clauses.Three research questions are formulated to achieve the aim of this study, and these are; (i) How do Iraqi EFL learners acquire the syntactic structure of conditional clauses?, (ii) In what ways the developmental route followed by Iraqi EFL learners is similar to or different from that followed by English learners of other linguistic backgrounds?, and (iii) What is the role of markedness theory in the acquisition of conditional clauses by Iraqi EFL learners? To answer these questions, a random sample of 100 Iraqi EFL learners at four different developmental stages is tested on three written tasks. Results reveal that real conditionals are the easiest type to produce but the most difficult one to comprehend. This lends a partial support for the predictive power of markedness theory in explaining the acquisition order. Besides, linguistic form and function in L2 acquisition process are acquired at different developmental stages. Due to the limitations of the present study, future research is suggested

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