scholarly journals The lesser of two evils: Explaining a bad choice by revealing the choice set

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Molnár ◽  
Shereen Jehan Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Selfish Behavior ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So ◽  
Choice Set

Making the right choice sometimes involves selecting the “lesser of two evils,” and only seeing the chosen option can lead others to misunderstand the decision maker’s intentions. Are decision-makers intrinsically driven to fix this misjudgment by revealing the choice set? If so, why, and what is the effect on the audience? Previous studies could not examine this desire to be understood because the research designs did not isolate the decision to reveal information from the original choice. In two experiments (N=448 pairs), we show that people are willing to pay ex post to reveal their choice set to the recipient, even after a one-shot anonymous interaction with no reputational consequences, and in some cases even when doing so reveals their selfish intentions. We find that this revealing behavior is effective at improving recipients’ rating of their outcome when it signals generous intentions, but not when it signals selfish intentions. The choice to reveal is driven by concern for the beliefs of strangers, but only when revealing signals generous intentions; those who reveal a choice that appears selfish report doing so out of a desire to be or appear honest. And though some people leave a misunderstanding in place when it is self-enhancing to do so, almost no one is willing to create a misunderstanding (by hiding the other option), even when it could conceal selfish behavior.

Avoidance of Complexity

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-236
Author(s):  
Sara E. Gorman ◽  
Jack M. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Health Decisions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Health Experts ◽  
Do So

This chapter describes another reason people succumb to unscientific notions—the discomfort people have with complexity. It is not that people are incapable of learning the facts but rather they are reluctant to put in the time and effort to do so. This retreat from complexity is similar to the other reasons for science denial in that it is in many ways a useful and adaptive stance. But when making health decisions, the inability to tackle scientific details can leave one prone to accepting craftily packaged inaccuracies and slogans. Scientists, doctors, and public health experts are often not helpful in this regard because they frequently refuse to explain things clearly and interestingly. The chapter then argues that scientists need to work much harder on figuring out the best ways to communicate facts to non-scientists. It proposes some possible methods to make scientific thinking more intuitive. By focusing on the scientific method, one can begin to educate people about how to accept complexity and uncertainty, how to be skeptical, and how to ask the right questions.

Crisis Clever System (CCS) – tracking experience of crisis management for decision support

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (02) ◽  
pp. 188-205
Author(s):  
Sophie Loriette ◽  
Nada Matta ◽  
Mohamed Sediri ◽  
Alain Hugerot
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
The Right

AbstractDuring a crisis situation, the ability of emergency department to take reliable and quick decisions is the main feature that defines the success or failure of this organization in the course of its crisis management. Decision makers spend time on identifying the decisions that will be taken for the whole of the crisis management, and on anticipating the preparation of these decisions, ensuring that they have time to properly prepare all decisions to be taken and, be able to implement them as fast as possible. However, the context and the characteristics of the crisis make the decision process complicated because there is no specific methodology to anticipate these decisions and properly manage collaboration with the other protagonists. There is also the pressure of time, a significant stress and, the emotional impact on the decision maker that lead to losing objectivity in decision making. We understand so that the right decision will be greatly facilitated and enhanced by the development of an adequate tool and process for decision-making. This tool must respect methods of the emergency department considered, and highlight the importance of experience feedback referencing to past cases, especially success and failures. We propose in this paper, software in order to handle experience feedback as a support for decision-making in crisis management “Crisis Clever System”. Several dimensions are considered in this study, from one side: organization, communication and problem-solving activities and from the other side the presentation and finding of experience feedback thanks to an analogy technique.

scholarly journals A Millennium After al-Farabī; Notes onʿAllāma Ṭabāṭabāʾī’s Political Philosophy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SeyedAmirHossein Asghari
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
General Belief ◽  
Ideal Society ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Do So

<p>It is essential to ask why there is so little attention paid to political philosophy among these scholars? Or, if there is, why does it remain a minor or marginal conversation? Did they consider the discussion on governance under the other areas of their expertise, such as jurisprudence (<i>Fiqh</i>)? And, if yes, what motivated them to do so? Or, at least in Shia Islam, did this arise from their general belief that if there is an Imam, he is the right person to govern the community, and if we are in the occultation era, then our only choice is to wait for the Imam to return? Consequently, there is no need to philosophize an ideal society, an occurrence of which only happens with the presence of an Imam. Clarifying the questions mentioned above requires another investigation. We leave these questions aside here and focus instead on contemporary Shia philosophers to examine their thoughts on political philosophy, Utopia, or any discussion of governance. Our goal is to identify the al-Fārābīan heritage of the Islamic intellectual tradition in a more recent period.</p>

scholarly journals DEFINING THE RIGHT TO STRIKE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION STANDARDS AND SOUTH AFRICAN LAW

Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Alli Chicktay
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
International Law ◽  
South African ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Labour Organization ◽  
International Labour Organisation ◽  
Human Right ◽  
South African Constitution ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

The right to strike is a fundamental human right recognized in international law and the South African Constitution. If “strike” is defined too narrowly it would deny protection that would normally be given to employees who would otherwise be participating in a strike. On the other hand if “strike” were defined too broadly it would categorize as strike action that would not normally be regarded as a strike: thus subjecting these employees to serious consequences that result from participating in an unprotected strike. These may include dismissals, interdicts and claims for compensation. South Africa has a constitutional obligation to comply with international law when interpreting human rights. The purpose of this article is to determine whether South African law defines “strike” in compliance with International Labour Organisation standards and to make suggestions for amendments to the lawwhere it fails to do so.

scholarly journals A Millennium After al-Farabī; Notes onʿAllāma Ṭabāṭabāʾī’s Political Philosophy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SeyedAmirHossein Asghari
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
General Belief ◽  
Ideal Society ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Do So

<p>It is essential to ask why there is so little attention paid to political philosophy among these scholars? Or, if there is, why does it remain a minor or marginal conversation? Did they consider the discussion on governance under the other areas of their expertise, such as jurisprudence (<i>Fiqh</i>)? And, if yes, what motivated them to do so? Or, at least in Shia Islam, did this arise from their general belief that if there is an Imam, he is the right person to govern the community, and if we are in the occultation era, then our only choice is to wait for the Imam to return? Consequently, there is no need to philosophize an ideal society, an occurrence of which only happens with the presence of an Imam. Clarifying the questions mentioned above requires another investigation. We leave these questions aside here and focus instead on contemporary Shia philosophers to examine their thoughts on political philosophy, Utopia, or any discussion of governance. Our goal is to identify the al-Fārābīan heritage of the Islamic intellectual tradition in a more recent period.</p>

Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.9

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huber Peter
Keyword(s):  
Good Faith ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.9 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning confirmation. Under Art 3.2.9, if the party entitled to avoid the contract expressly or impliedly confirms the contract after the period of time for giving notice of avoidance has begun to run, avoidance of the contract is excluded. Art 3.2.9 serves two purposes. On the one hand, it restricts the right to avoid the contract in a certain type of situation where the avoidance would be contrary to good faith. On the other hand, it emphasizes the fact that the party entitled to avoid the contract under the preceding provisions is not obliged to do so, but may also elect to treat the contract as valid. This commentary discusses the requirements for confirmation, whether express or implied, and the ground for avoidance, time for confirmation, and the effect of confirmation on the right to avoid the contract.

scholarly journals DSS for best e-commerce selection using AHP-WASPAS and AHP-MOORA methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-94
Author(s):  
Gede Surya Mahendra ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Places ◽  
Intense Competition ◽  
Calculation Technique ◽  
Market Leader ◽  
The Right ◽  
Normalization Process

eIQ Consumer Pulse 2019 determines the 6 largest e-commerce in Indonesia, namely Blibli, Bukalapak, JD.id, Lazada Indonesia, Shopee and Tokopedia. This is due to an increase in e-commerce transactions. The COVID-19 pandemic, which emphasizes social distancing and physical distancing, has also played a role in increasing these transactions. Indonesia is also predicted to become the market leader in Southeast Asia due to this. On the other hand, each e-commerce customer has their preferences in choosing e-commerce to use in transactions. Various criteria make customers confused due to intense competition between e-commerce companies. DSS is a solution in choosing the right e-commerce for each customer's preferences. The AHP-WASPAS and AHP-MOORA methods can be used in calculations for determining favorite e-commerce in Indonesia. The CRISP-DM framework also helps in preparing the research flow well. 3 decision-makers are used to provide weighting criteria using AHP. The results of this study indicate that the Tokopedia alternative is the best e-commerce, with a preference value of 0.8964 for AHP-WASPAS and 0.4245 for AHP-MOORA. The second and third places are Bukalapak and Lazada, respectively. The weighting of the criteria by the decision-maker, the alternative normalization process and the calculation technique for the preference value have a significant impact on the ranking results.

scholarly journals Tolerantization of interfaith relations in Ukraine

2008 ◽  
pp. 78-83
Author(s):  
Anatolii M. Kolodnyi
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
False Information ◽  
The West ◽  
Interfaith Relations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Way

Freedom of expression gives us the right to say what we think, but it does not oblige us to do so. This is evidenced by the so-called "cartoon conflict" associated with the name of Mohammed. He confirmed the differences of civilizations: we have a misunderstanding in the West of the psychology of the religiosity of the East. At the same time, if one did not have enough understanding of deep religious feelings, spurred by their inattention, the other showed a clear exaggeration of what was done and even perceived false information of what happened, for the truth. The East deepened the conflict of civilizations by giving it the right to use, as an argument against Western civilization, the belief that democracy, which it carries, and the freedom of speech it stands for, could open the way to ridicule and abuse of their faith.

The Simple Logic of Radar Avoidance Action

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-232
Author(s):  
J. V. Inglesby
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Simple Logic ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

In this paper the basic principles of avoidance action are developed. It is shown that a unique set of rules exists which will guarantee the safe passage of converging aircraft; when two are involved, if either, or both simultaneously, act according to these rules, it is impossible to have an accident whatever the situation. (This assumes inerrant assessments on the part of Controllers, and it also assumes that the uncontrolled aircraft continues on course.) The rules are consistent with the Rules of the Air. Past attempts to formulate rules are compared.The action taken by an aircraft in flight to avoid coming dangerously close to some other nearby aircraft we call ‘avoidance action’. This action may be made by the pilot should the other aircraft come within his field of view, or if ground controlled, it will be initiated by the Radar Controller. The pilot works to the Rules of the Air and the Radar Controller works to them whenever it is possible for him to do so. The Rules of the Air do not always help the Radar Controller because, in every case, except for two aircraft approaching each other head-on, one or other has the right-of-way and ‘an aircraft which has the right-of-way shall maintain its course and speed.’ This means that an aircraft which has the right-of-way must not take avoiding action. The object of this paper, therefore, is to attempt to propose a set of avoidance action rules which will assist Radar Controllers in their task.

Motorists' Understanding of Automated Flagger Assistance Devices in Work Zones

2013 ◽  
Vol 2337 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada D. Trout ◽  
Melisa D. Finley ◽  
Brooke R. Ullman
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Vehicular Traffic ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
Work Zones ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Texas Department ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

Automated flagger assistance devices (AFADs) are designed to be operated remotely by a flagger positioned outside the travel lanes and thus to reduce their exposure to vehicular traffic. There are two types of AFADs: one type uses a remote-controlled stop and slow sign to alternate the right-of-way and the other uses remote-controlled red and yellow lenses to alternate the right-of-way. A gate arm is required only with the latter. Although AFADs may have increased the safety of flaggers, there were concerns that motorists might have misunderstood AFADs and proceeded before it had been safe to do so. As part of a recent Texas Department of Transportation project, Texas A&M Transportation Institute researchers conducted surveys to assess motorists' understanding of both types of AFADs. For the stop–slow AFAD, a newly designed “Wait on Stop–Go on Slow” symbol sign resulted in the highest percentage of participants who understood that they should stop and remain stopped until the AFAD indicated that it was safe to proceed. However, for all of the stop–slow AFAD treatments, a portion of the participants indicated that they would have stopped and then proceeded instead of waiting until the AFAD displayed the slow sign. Thus researchers recommend that a gate arm be required with stop–slow AFADs. For the red–yellow lens AFAD, participants understood the stop phase. However, there was evidence of a lack of understanding of the difference between the proceed and transition phases. Even so, the use of the gate arm appeared to inform motorists when to proceed and when to stop.

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