The Simple Logic of Radar Avoidance Action

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-232
Author(s):  
J. V. Inglesby
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Simple Logic ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

In this paper the basic principles of avoidance action are developed. It is shown that a unique set of rules exists which will guarantee the safe passage of converging aircraft; when two are involved, if either, or both simultaneously, act according to these rules, it is impossible to have an accident whatever the situation. (This assumes inerrant assessments on the part of Controllers, and it also assumes that the uncontrolled aircraft continues on course.) The rules are consistent with the Rules of the Air. Past attempts to formulate rules are compared.The action taken by an aircraft in flight to avoid coming dangerously close to some other nearby aircraft we call ‘avoidance action’. This action may be made by the pilot should the other aircraft come within his field of view, or if ground controlled, it will be initiated by the Radar Controller. The pilot works to the Rules of the Air and the Radar Controller works to them whenever it is possible for him to do so. The Rules of the Air do not always help the Radar Controller because, in every case, except for two aircraft approaching each other head-on, one or other has the right-of-way and ‘an aircraft which has the right-of-way shall maintain its course and speed.’ This means that an aircraft which has the right-of-way must not take avoiding action. The object of this paper, therefore, is to attempt to propose a set of avoidance action rules which will assist Radar Controllers in their task.

Motorists' Understanding of Automated Flagger Assistance Devices in Work Zones

2013 ◽  
Vol 2337 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada D. Trout ◽  
Melisa D. Finley ◽  
Brooke R. Ullman
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Vehicular Traffic ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
Work Zones ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Texas Department ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

Automated flagger assistance devices (AFADs) are designed to be operated remotely by a flagger positioned outside the travel lanes and thus to reduce their exposure to vehicular traffic. There are two types of AFADs: one type uses a remote-controlled stop and slow sign to alternate the right-of-way and the other uses remote-controlled red and yellow lenses to alternate the right-of-way. A gate arm is required only with the latter. Although AFADs may have increased the safety of flaggers, there were concerns that motorists might have misunderstood AFADs and proceeded before it had been safe to do so. As part of a recent Texas Department of Transportation project, Texas A&M Transportation Institute researchers conducted surveys to assess motorists' understanding of both types of AFADs. For the stop–slow AFAD, a newly designed “Wait on Stop–Go on Slow” symbol sign resulted in the highest percentage of participants who understood that they should stop and remain stopped until the AFAD indicated that it was safe to proceed. However, for all of the stop–slow AFAD treatments, a portion of the participants indicated that they would have stopped and then proceeded instead of waiting until the AFAD displayed the slow sign. Thus researchers recommend that a gate arm be required with stop–slow AFADs. For the red–yellow lens AFAD, participants understood the stop phase. However, there was evidence of a lack of understanding of the difference between the proceed and transition phases. Even so, the use of the gate arm appeared to inform motorists when to proceed and when to stop.

Avoidance of Complexity

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-236
Author(s):  
Sara E. Gorman ◽  
Jack M. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Health Decisions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Health Experts ◽  
Do So

This chapter describes another reason people succumb to unscientific notions—the discomfort people have with complexity. It is not that people are incapable of learning the facts but rather they are reluctant to put in the time and effort to do so. This retreat from complexity is similar to the other reasons for science denial in that it is in many ways a useful and adaptive stance. But when making health decisions, the inability to tackle scientific details can leave one prone to accepting craftily packaged inaccuracies and slogans. Scientists, doctors, and public health experts are often not helpful in this regard because they frequently refuse to explain things clearly and interestingly. The chapter then argues that scientists need to work much harder on figuring out the best ways to communicate facts to non-scientists. It proposes some possible methods to make scientific thinking more intuitive. By focusing on the scientific method, one can begin to educate people about how to accept complexity and uncertainty, how to be skeptical, and how to ask the right questions.

scholarly journals The lesser of two evils: Explaining a bad choice by revealing the choice set

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Molnár ◽  
Shereen Jehan Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Selfish Behavior ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So ◽  
Choice Set

Making the right choice sometimes involves selecting the “lesser of two evils,” and only seeing the chosen option can lead others to misunderstand the decision maker’s intentions. Are decision-makers intrinsically driven to fix this misjudgment by revealing the choice set? If so, why, and what is the effect on the audience? Previous studies could not examine this desire to be understood because the research designs did not isolate the decision to reveal information from the original choice. In two experiments (N=448 pairs), we show that people are willing to pay ex post to reveal their choice set to the recipient, even after a one-shot anonymous interaction with no reputational consequences, and in some cases even when doing so reveals their selfish intentions. We find that this revealing behavior is effective at improving recipients’ rating of their outcome when it signals generous intentions, but not when it signals selfish intentions. The choice to reveal is driven by concern for the beliefs of strangers, but only when revealing signals generous intentions; those who reveal a choice that appears selfish report doing so out of a desire to be or appear honest. And though some people leave a misunderstanding in place when it is self-enhancing to do so, almost no one is willing to create a misunderstanding (by hiding the other option), even when it could conceal selfish behavior.

Crossing Traffic Separation Schemes

1979 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-429
Author(s):  
R. S. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
General Direction ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Cross Traffic ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Traffic Density ◽  
Crossing Vessels ◽  
Do So

The provision of Rule 10 of the 1972 Collision Regulations, that if vessels are obliged to cross traffic lanes they shall do so as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow, would appear to be simple enough. Could it be however that in areas of high traffic density, such as the Dover Strait, the theoretical simplicity of the right-angle crossing introduces problems of its own?Crossing the Dover Strait several times a week, I am constantly alarmed by the apparent lack of regard for Rules 15 and 16 by vessels using the traffic scheme (The rules governing crossing situations and action required by the give-way vessel). I accept that some vessels using the lane believe, albeit incorrectly, that they have the right of way, but feel that a large proportion of these ‘port-side charlies’ are the result of the right-angle crossing.Because of the pattern of traffic the speed of crossing vessels in the Strait is generally considerably greater than that of vessels using the lanes. Under the present Regulations a situation frequently arises in which a vessel using the lane finds herself as the give-way vessel to another six points or more on her bow. An initial reluctance to alter course by this amount is followed by the thought that there is not sufficient sea-room in which to alter, and the give-way vessel stands on.

scholarly journals Observation and assessment of crossing situations between pleasure craft and a small passenger ferry

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-355
Author(s):  
Kjell Ivar Øvergård ◽  
Marius Stian Tannum ◽  
Per Haavardtun
Keyword(s):  
Active Control ◽  
Passive Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
High Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
The Right ◽  
Passenger Ferry

Abstract A study of navigational situations involving a small passenger ferry ‘Ole III’ was conducted based on participatory observations in the Husøysund strait in Tønsberg municipality, Norway. The aims were to document the extent to which crossing situations are solved according to navigational rules and practice, and to investigate the number of incidents which could pose a risk for Ole III and its passengers. Because of the high density of private pleasure craft, we expected a rather large number of non-compliance with navigational rules. Observations supported this assumption, and based on the total of 3152 crossings with Ole III where other vessels where present, a total of 279 (8.9%) incidents were considered to involve non-compliance with navigational rules and practice. A total of 165 incidents were caused by the other vessels failing to give way even though it had Ole III on its starboard side. This indicates that, at least in Norway, we may routinely expect pleasure craft to deviate from navigational rules for crossing situations. A number of incidents could partly be explained by a mismatch in understandings of which vessel had the right-of-way. Also, incident risk was higher when Ole III used active control strategies to handle crossing situations (e.g. keeping course and speed) as compared with passive control strategies. A taxonomy of situations based upon intentions is presented together with suggestions for control strategies for small passenger vessels that operate in waters with many pleasure craft.

Exceptions to Mutual Trust: Children's Use of Second-Order Beliefs in Responsibility Attribution

1987 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Yuill ◽  
Josef Perner
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cooperative Interaction ◽  
Road User ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
Responsibility Attribution ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

Children of 6 to 9 years and adults judged a story protagonist's degree of blame for a traffic accident. All stories depicted a collision between a protagonist, who had the right of way, and another road user. Stories differed, however, in protagonist's second-order belief about the other road-user's knowledge. For instance, in one story, the protagonist mistakenly thought that the other had noticed her coming and that she could therefore rely on him abiding by the priority rule (principle of mutual trust) and grant her the right of way. This story contrasted with one where the protagonist knew that the other had not seen her and so was not justified in claiming priority. Most 7 and 8-year-old children understood the difference in second-order belief and about half of them were also able to make the correct responsibility attribution that the mistaken protagonist, thinking the other character knew, was less to blame for the accident than the one who knew about the other's ignorance. By 9 years, almost all children understood second-order beliefs and three-quarters were also able to make the correct responsibility attribution. The application of second-order beliefs to the principle of mutual trust is discussed in relation to communication failures and cooperative interaction.

scholarly journals HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE FOR OTHER COUNTRIES WHICH AFFECTED BY DISASTER AS IMPLEMENTATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Boby Sigit Adipradono
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
World Order ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
The Right

The basic principles of the implementation of Indonesian foreign policy have been stated in the opening paragraph of the first paragraph of the 1945 Constitution, "that actual independence is the right of all nations. And therefore, colonization of the world must be abolished, because it is not in accordance with humanity and justice. The establishment of this country is to "participate in carrying out world order based on freedom, eternal peace, and social justice". The Indonesian people in carrying out the constitutional mandate is to help other countries affected by the disaster. The assistance is given to other countries without any regulations which are the basis for the government to pay for the assistance. The provision of humanitarian assistance to other countries by the Indonesian government has created a dilemma among officials who have the authority to issue the budget. On the one hand, the President's order must be implemented, on the other side spending the budget for humanitarian assistance to other countries affected by the disaster there are no regulations that regulate it.

scholarly journals A Millennium After al-Farabī; Notes onʿAllāma Ṭabāṭabāʾī’s Political Philosophy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SeyedAmirHossein Asghari
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
General Belief ◽  
Ideal Society ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Do So

<p>It is essential to ask why there is so little attention paid to political philosophy among these scholars? Or, if there is, why does it remain a minor or marginal conversation? Did they consider the discussion on governance under the other areas of their expertise, such as jurisprudence (<i>Fiqh</i>)? And, if yes, what motivated them to do so? Or, at least in Shia Islam, did this arise from their general belief that if there is an Imam, he is the right person to govern the community, and if we are in the occultation era, then our only choice is to wait for the Imam to return? Consequently, there is no need to philosophize an ideal society, an occurrence of which only happens with the presence of an Imam. Clarifying the questions mentioned above requires another investigation. We leave these questions aside here and focus instead on contemporary Shia philosophers to examine their thoughts on political philosophy, Utopia, or any discussion of governance. Our goal is to identify the al-Fārābīan heritage of the Islamic intellectual tradition in a more recent period.</p>

scholarly journals DEFINING THE RIGHT TO STRIKE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION STANDARDS AND SOUTH AFRICAN LAW

Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Alli Chicktay
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
International Law ◽  
South African ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Labour Organization ◽  
International Labour Organisation ◽  
Human Right ◽  
South African Constitution ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

The right to strike is a fundamental human right recognized in international law and the South African Constitution. If “strike” is defined too narrowly it would deny protection that would normally be given to employees who would otherwise be participating in a strike. On the other hand if “strike” were defined too broadly it would categorize as strike action that would not normally be regarded as a strike: thus subjecting these employees to serious consequences that result from participating in an unprotected strike. These may include dismissals, interdicts and claims for compensation. South Africa has a constitutional obligation to comply with international law when interpreting human rights. The purpose of this article is to determine whether South African law defines “strike” in compliance with International Labour Organisation standards and to make suggestions for amendments to the lawwhere it fails to do so.

scholarly journals Culture of dialogue between beliefs and practices among young people: ثقافة الحوار بين المعتقدات والممارسات بين الشباب

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghada Mohammed Ahmed Yunis
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intercultural Dialogue ◽  
Mutual Respect ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Practical Reality ◽  
The Right

The culture of dialogue consists of two main parallel dimensions: 1- Beliefs, convictions and principles: These include: - Belief in dialogue is a means of communication between people, mutual respect for the other party and faith in the value of his opinion, belief in the right of others to express their opinion. 2 - The actual practices of dialogue: through the practice of dialogue with others, listening to others when they raise their views, the ethics of dialogue and respect the right of others to express their views. In terms of practical reality, we find that the culture of dialogue in Egyptian society stands at the belief that there is a firm belief among young people in the importance of dialogue and its role in the progress of societies, but in practice we find a conflict between saying and work and finding rejection of the other and accusing him of conspiracy and betrayal. The problem of this study and its importance is determined in an attempt to identify the culture of dialogue between the beliefs and practices of young people in Alexandria and the extent to which young people believe in the importance of dialogue in supporting the cohesion of the youth. Combines and the extent of his belief in the right of difference and acceptance of pluralism in the light of the basic principles of citizenship. With reference to the theoretical heritage, we find that the theoretical heritage was not exposed to the culture of dialogue among young people, but rather focused on dialogue in Islam, family dialogue, intercultural dialogue and other subjects that did not deal with the relation between thought and belief and practice.

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