scholarly journals Pronouns and Visual Perspective-Taking: Two Replication Results

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tad Brunye ◽  
Tali Ditman ◽  
Caroline Mahoney ◽  
Jason Augustyn ◽  
Holly A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Visual Perspective ◽  
External Observer ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
First Person Perspective

In 2007, our laboratory conducted a series of experiments examining whether pronouns embedded in short sentences (e.g., I am/You are/He is peeling the cucumber.) modulate reaction times when participants are tasked to verify whether a picture depicts a described action. Critically, the picture depicted an actor performing the action (e.g., peeling a cucumber) from either the actor’s internal perspective, or the perspective of an external observer. Our results demonstrated that description pronouns do indeed interact with picture perspectives; response times showed faster verifications when the implied perspectives of the pronouns and pictures matched rather than mismatched. As expected the grammatical persons I am and You are promoted faster response times when verifying internal rather than external perspective pictures; in contrast, He is promoted faster response times when verifying external rather than internal perspective pictures. We interpreted these findings as indicating that readers use pronouns to differentiate perspectives, and are more likely to internalize the action when they are directly addressed as the protagonist (You are) or the sentence uses the first-person perspective (I am). These findings were published in Psychological Science in 2009. In this replication attempt, we conducted two experiments to understand the robustness and reliability of our original effects, with an emphasis on individual differences in pronominal perspective-taking.

scholarly journals Level-1 Visual Perspective Taking Performance in People with High Narcissistic Traits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sima Ebrahimian ◽  
Bradley Mattan ◽  
Mazaher Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Visual Perspective ◽  
First Person ◽  
The Third ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Third Person ◽  
First Person Perspective ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Third Person Perspective ◽  
The Third Person

Abstract Background: Lack of empathy is one of the main characteristics of narcissists. However, it is not clear whether there is a similar deficit in other facets of mentalizing, such as perspective-taking.Method: In this study, we measured the taking visual perspectives ascribed to different targets (e.g., first-person self, third-person self-avatar, and third-person stranger avatar). Our study focused on separate groups of individuals with high and low self-reported narcissistic traits. Results: Participants reporting high Narcissism scores showed higher accuracy in a third-person perspective-taking task than did their low-Narcissism counterparts. However, when the first-person perspective was incongruent with the third-person (first person vs. self- tagged avatar), the accuracy of their responses decreased.Conclusions: The discrepancy between the two types of perspective taking of people with high narcissism can probably mean that the narcissistic people perfectly identify / empathize with one object (person, avatar, character, etc.) and therefore their perspective-taking is disrupted when they need to identify with more than one object that represent their self-attributed perspectives.

Individual Differences in Processing Strategy for a Bargraph Display

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (19) ◽  
pp. 1315-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie R. Nowicki ◽  
Bruce G. Coury
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Classification Problem ◽  
Processing Strategy ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Emergent Feature ◽  
Emergent Features ◽  
Individual Strategies

The bargraph has been described in several ways: as a separable display, as an integral display, and as a configural display with emergent features. The versatility of the bargraph may be in part due to the support it provides for different individual processing strategies. This research identifies two general types of strategies - holistic and analytic - which are developed by individuals to solve a classification problem on the bargraph. Multidimensional scaling (MDS), response times, and verbal reports are used to analyze individual strategies. Individuals who developed holistic strategies produced significantly faster reaction times, and reported simple, efficient strategies, with the emergent feature of bargraph shape as an important dimension. The results indicate that the bargraph provides perceptual features which can support several general types of processing strategy.

scholarly journals You ≠ me: individual differences in the structure of social cognition.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Shaw ◽  
Kristina Czekoova ◽  
Charlotte Rebecca Pennington ◽  
Adam Qureshi ◽  
Beáta Špiláková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Visual Perspective ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Personality Styles ◽  
Visual Perspective Taking ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy

This study investigated the structure of social cognition, and how it is influenced by personality; specifically, how various socio-cognitive capabilities, and the pattern of inter-relationships and co-dependencies among them differ between divergent personality styles. To measure social cognition, a large non-clinical sample (n = 290) undertook an extensive battery of self-report and performance-based measures of visual perspective taking, imitative tendencies, affective empathy, interoceptive accuracy, emotion regulation, and state affectivity. These same individuals then completed the Personality Styles and Disorders Inventory. Latent Profile Analysis revealed two dissociable personality profiles that exhibited contrasting cognitive and affective dispositions, and multivariate analyses indicated further that these profiles differed on measures of social cognition; individuals characterised by a flexible and adaptive personality profile expressed higher action orientation (emotion regulation) compared to those showing more inflexible tendencies, along with better visual perspective taking, superior interoceptive accuracy, less imitative tendencies, and lower personal distress and negativity. These characteristics point towards more efficient self-other distinction, and to higher cognitive control more generally. Moreover, low-level cognitive mechanisms served to mediate other higher level socio-emotional capabilities. Together, these findings elucidate the cognitive and affective underpinnings of individual differences in social behaviour, providing a data-driven model that should guide future research in this area.

Cultural differences in perspective switching: support for the representational hypothesis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Martin ◽  
Jasmine Huang ◽  
Peter Su ◽  
Lori Matuschka ◽  
Marcus Meinzer
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Response Times ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Visual Perspective ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Cultural Effects ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
Perspective Switching

Background: Mixed results have been presented regarding cultural differences in perspective taking. Two competing theories have been put forward that suggest interdependent self-construal, as observed in people from East Asian cultural backgrounds, would be associated with either worse perspective taking due to self-other mergence (representational hypothesis) or better perspective taking due to greater attention to others (attentional hypothesis), compared with people from Western countries with more independent self-construal. Research to date has been limited and no study to date has focused on switching perspectives during a task with both egocentric and allocentric demands. Method: A visual perspective taking task requiring responses from both the egocentric and allocentric perspective, across both perspective tracking (line-of-sight judgements) and perspective taking (embodied rotation) tasks, was completed by 126 healthy young adults. Fifty-nine were of Singaporean East Asian cultural background and 67 were Australian Westerners. Results: In the perspective tracking task, East Asians were slower to adopt the allocentric perspective. Both groups displayed an egocentricity bias indexed by an overall cost of switching back to the egocentric perspective on total response times. However, East Asians showed a greater influence from the allocentric perspective when switching back to the egocentric perspective. Both groups were slower when required to stick with the allocentric perspective compared to switch trials. In the perspective taking task, East Asians were slower at adopting the allocentric perspective. Both groups showed a cost of sticking with the allocentric perspective. Conclusion: East Asians take longer to adopt the allocentric perspective in tasks that require switching between perspectives. East Asians are more salient of other perspectives directly after adopting that perspective suggesting a contextually constrained self-other mergence not observed in Westerners. The results support the representational hypothesis of cultural effects on perspective taking.

Reduced activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during self-referential processing in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 528-538
Author(s):  
Hye Yoon Park ◽  
Kyoungri Park ◽  
Eunchong Seo ◽  
Se Jun Koo ◽  
Minji Bang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Referential Processing ◽  
Ultra High Risk ◽  
Third Person ◽  
First Person Perspective ◽  
Third Person Perspective

Objective: Defects in self-referential processing and perspective-taking are core characteristics that may underlie psychotic symptoms and impaired social cognition in schizophrenia. Here, we investigated the neural correlates of self-referential processing regardless of the perspective taken and third-person perspective-taking regardless of the target person to judge relevance in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis. We also explored relationships between alterations in neural activity and neurocognitive function and basic self (‘ ipseity’) disorder. Methods: Twenty-two ultra-high-risk individuals and 28 healthy controls completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging task. While being scanned, participants were asked to take a first-person perspective or to put themselves in their close relative’s place thereby adopting a third-person perspective during judgments of the relevance of personality trait adjectives to one’s self and a close relative. Results: For self-referential (vs other-referential) processing, ultra-high-risk individuals showed less neural activity in the left ventromedial prefrontal cortex/medial orbitofrontal cortex, which was correlated with poor working memory performance. When taking a third-person perspective (vs first-person perspective), ultra-high-risk individuals showed more activity in the middle occipital gyrus. Conclusion: Taken together, our findings suggest that ultra-high-risk individuals already show aberrant neural activity during self-referential processing which may possibly be related to engagement of working memory resources.

How Would You Feel versus How Do You Think She Would Feel? A Neuroimaging Study of Perspective-Taking with Social Emotions

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 988-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perrine Ruby ◽  
Jean Decety
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Social Emotions ◽  
Inferior Parietal Lobe ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Temporal Pole ◽  
Postcentral Gyrus ◽  
Third Person ◽  
First Person Perspective ◽  
The Right

Perspective-taking is a complex cognitive process involved in social cognition. This positron emission tomography (PET) study investigated by means of a factorial design the interaction between the emotional and the perspective factors. Participants were asked to adopt either their own (first person) perspective or the (third person) perspective of their mothers in response to situations involving social emotions or to neutral situations. The main effect of third-person versus first-person perspective resulted in hemodynamic increase in the medial part of the superior frontal gyrus, the left superior temporal sulcus, the left temporal pole, the posterior cingulate gyrus, and the right inferior parietal lobe. A cluster in the postcentral gyrus was detected in the reverse comparison. The amygdala was selectively activated when subjects were processing social emotions, both related to self and other. Interaction effects were identified in the left temporal pole and in the right postcentral gyrus. These results support our prediction that the frontopolar, the somatosensory cortex, and the right inferior parietal lobe are crucial in the process of self/ other distinction. In addition, this study provides important building blocks in our understanding of social emotion processing and human empathy.

Neural Correlates of First-Person Perspective as One Constituent of Human Self-Consciousness

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 817-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Vogeley ◽  
M. May ◽  
A. Ritzl ◽  
P. Falkai ◽  
K. Zilles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
First Person Perspective

Taking the first-person perspective (1PP) centered upon one's own body as opposed to the third-person perspective (3PP), which enables us to take the viewpoint of someone else, is constitutive for human self-consciousness. At the underlying representational or cognitive level, these operations are processed in an egocentric reference frame, where locations are represented centered around another person's (3PP) or one's own perspective (1PP). To study 3PP and 1PP, both operating in egocentric frames, a virtual scene with an avatar and red balls in a room was presented from different camera viewpoints to normal volunteers (n = 11) in a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. The task for the subjects was to count the objects as seen either from the avatar's perspective (3PP) or one's own perspective (1PP). The scene was presented either from a ground view (GV) or an aerial view (AV) to investigate the effect of view on perspective taking. The factors perspective (3PP vs. 1PP) and view (GV vs. AV) were arranged in a two-factorial way. Reaction times were increased and percent correctness scores were decreased in 3PP as opposed to 1PP. To detect the neural mechanisms associated with perspective taking, functional magnetic resonance imaging was employed. Data were analyzed using SPM'99 in each subject and non-parametric statistics on the group level. Activations common to 3PP and 1PP (relative to baseline) were observed in a network of occipital, parietal, and prefrontal areas. Deactivations common to 3PP and 1PP (relative to baseline) were observed predominantly in mesial (i.e., parasagittal) cortical and lateral superior temporal areas bilaterally. Differential increases of neural activity were found in mesial superior parietal and right premotor cortex during 3PP (relative to 1PP), whereas differential increases during 1PP (relative to 3PP) were found in mesial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and superior temporal cortex bilaterally. The data suggest that in addition to joint neural mechanisms, for example, due to visuospatial processing and decision making, 3PP and 1PP rely on differential neural processes. Mesial cortical areas are involved in decisional processes when the spatial task is solved from one's own viewpoint, whereas egocentric operations from another person's perspective differentially draw upon cortical areas known to be involved in spatial cognition.

scholarly journals Lives as Collections of Strands: An Essay in Descriptive Psychology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kubovy
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Severe Handicaps ◽  
Extended Duration ◽  
First Person Perspective ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Descriptive Framework

In this article (in press, Perspectives in Psychological Science) I generalize the notion of multiple self-aspects to create a descriptive framework in which lives are partitioned into containers of activities called strands. Strands are nearly-decomposable life-modules, structured, stable, and concurrent longitudinal streams of extended duration whose momentary cross-sections constitute self- aspects. They are differentiated by five features: (a) the person’s role, (b) the cast, (c) the setting, (d) norms and values, and (e) habits and routines. Strands contain projects, and episodes, and are replete with narrative. Each strand is continuous (i.e., strands persist when a person moves between them), and for the most part strands are mutually asynchronous. From a first-person perspective, the strands are continuous and concurrent but only one strand is in the foreground at a given time, i.e., transitions between strands are akin to a figure-ground reversal. Furthermore, a life is different from the sum of its strands: it is a nonlinear system that can take on configurations not predictable from a comprehensive description of the individual strands. Two such examples are the achievement of greatness despite severe handicaps and instances of extreme self-sacrifice. I also discuss the research potential of a proposed smartphone app called LifeMaps.

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