scholarly journals Response-Strategy in the Pre-Solution Period Affects Learning of Auditory Signal Detection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carter W. Daniels ◽  
Peter Balsam
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Learning Theories ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Selective Sampling ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Inferential Processing

Signal detection as a theoretical framework has been a boon to psychological science, uniting many effects in mathematically tractable theories. Few studies, however, have considered acquisition within a signal-detection framework. The periods of acquisition and the dynamics of signal detection parameters (discriminability and criterion) are unclear, thus obscuring both the pliability and the evolution of these periods and parameters. We addressed this gap by training mice with differential prior experience in an auditory signal detection task. Briefly, naïve mice (Naïve), mice given separate experience with each of the later correct choice options (Correct Choice Response Transfer, CCRT), and mice experienced in conditional discriminations but not auditory signal detection (Conditional Discrimination Transfer, CDT) were trained to detect the presence or absence of a tone in white-noise. We found that a two-period (pre-solution and solution; see Heinemann, 1983) model of acquisition described the data well and that the pre-solution period was characterized not by several response strategies, but by a selective sampling of biased response strategies until adoption of a conditional responding strategy as mice transitioned into the solution period. Signal detection parameters reflected these dynamics: discriminability remained low until adoption of the conditional responding strategy indicating discriminability is sensitive to feedback and thus acquired; criterion took excursions reflecting selective sampling but not sensitivity to feedback. Prior experience affected the length and composition of the pre-solution period. CCRT and CDT mice had shorter pre-solution periods than naïve mice, CDT and Naïve mice developed substantial criterion biases and acquired asymptotic discriminability faster than CCRT mice. We discuss these data in terms of implications for signal detection and learning theories, proposing a modification of learning theories in which inferential processing during the pre-solution period may facilitate acquisition.

Do brand rumors matter? The role of brand equity and response strategy to brand rumor

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihee Choi ◽  
Soobin Seo
Keyword(s):  
Brand Equity ◽  
Restaurant Industry ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumer Responses ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Brand Crisis ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to investigate consumer responses to brand rumors and corporate rumor response strategies in the restaurant industry. Design/methodology/approach A scenario-based experimental design was used to examine changes in consumers’ brand evaluation depending on level of brand equity and corporate choice of response strategy. Findings It was found that the impact of brand rumors on consumer responses is more negative when the restaurant’s brand equity is low compared to when it is high. It was also found that a company's use of active response strategies is more effective in combating brand rumor than a strategy of simple denial. Practical implications The findings have significant implications for both academics and practitioners in terms of developing effective response strategies for counteracting brand rumors. Originality/value Given the frequency of brand rumors in the restaurant industry and their serious negative impacts, this study extends the existing brand crisis communication literature by demonstrating how consumers respond to a rumor and the effectiveness of different corporate rumor response strategies.

1.2 Method of constant stimuli (Method of frequency) By the Method of Frequency the stimulus range is selected in discrete intervals so that the frequency of positive answers is distributed over the range between 1% and 99%. In general, the frequency of positive res­ ponses either for an individual or for a group, is cumulatively normally distributed over a geometric intensity continuum. The absolute odor thre­ shold can then be defined as the effective dose corresponding to an arbi­ trarily selected frequency of positive responses, ordinarily 50% : ED^: Effective dose at the 50% level. 3.1.3 Signal detection The Signal Detection principle is a determination of the relation­ ship between hits and false alarms. In determining signal detectability, a stimulus or a few stimuli are presented in random order, alternating with noise. Since sensory impressions resulting frcm the presentation of stimulus versus noise are assumed to be normally distributed over the same intensity continuum and to have the same dispersion, the index of detectability d' for p (hits) minus p (false) indicates the extent to which the two distributions overlap. 3.2 Indication of response 3.2.1 "Yes" or "no" response In the classical evaluation yes-no answers are dependent on the sub­ jects1 honesty and motivation among other factors. However, yes-no ans­ wers may be evaluated if they are presented a sufficiently large number of times alternating with blanks. 3.2.2 forced choice technique One method of controlling response perseveration and otter antici­ pation factors is to use a forced choice response indication based on two or more response categories. In the measurement of odors the panelist has to report the temporal position of positive stimuli in a series of randan blanks. If the concentration is below the threshold, the test sub­ jects will guess. As the odorant concentration will increase, the rela­ tive cumulative frequency for identification of the correct sample will be greater. In order to determine the relative odor recognition a cor­ rection must be made. 3.3 Size of stimulus intervals 3.3.1 Concentration intervals In selecting the stimulus continuum in threshold determination, the relation between just noticeable difference in relation to the intensity of stimuli is of interest. In accordance with Weber's law this quotient is assumed to be a constant. Therefore it would appear best to determine absolute thresholds on an intensity continuum in the form of a gecxnetric progression. 3.2.2 Time intervals Because of adaptation processes the exposure time until reaching a decision should be limited. Also the interval between two stimuli must be observed.

1986 ◽  
pp. 71-71
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Stimulus Range ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Just Noticeable Difference ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Temporal Position ◽  
Normally Distributed

Salt Taste Detection: An R-Index Approach to Signal-Detection Measurements

Perception ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael O'Mahony ◽  
Laura Gardner ◽  
Denise Long ◽  
Christi Heintz ◽  
Barbara Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Simultaneous Measurement ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Taste Sensitivity ◽  
Noise Stimulus ◽  
Salt Taste ◽  
Predicted Probability ◽  
Index Approach ◽  
Taste Detection

The R-index approach to the signal-detection P(A) index of sensitivity was used to measure taste sensitivity to NaCl solutions. The R-index is the predicted probability of the correct choice of a signal, for a given signal – noise pair. For flow-wise and sipwise presentation, R-indices did not fluctuate significantly, provided subjects could not see the stimuli yet to be presented, indicating a lack of systematic sensitivity drift. The simultaneous measurement of more than one signal strength with reference to a common noise stimulus was seen to be a viable and sensitive procedure. Comparison of flow-wise and sipwise presentation of stimuli using R-indices, indicated that the former elicited greater subject sensitivity to NaCl taste.

Item-specific overlap between hallucinatory experiences and cognition in the general population: A three-step multivariate analysis of international multi-site data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhijit Mahesh Chinchani ◽  
Mahesh Menon ◽  
Meighen Roes ◽  
Heungsun Hwang ◽  
Paul Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Statistical Hypothesis ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Hearing Voices ◽  
Statistical Hypothesis Test ◽  
Using Data

Cognitive mechanisms hypothesized to underlie hallucinatory experiences (HEs) include dysfunctional source monitoring, heightened signal detection, or impaired attentional processes. HEs can be very pronounced in psychosis, but similar experiences also occur in nonclinical populations. Using data from an international multisite study on nonclinical subjects (N = 419), we described the overlap between two sets of variables - one measuring cognition and the other HEs - at the level of individual items, allowing extraction of item-specific signal which might considered off-limits when summary scores are analyzed. This involved using a statistical hypothesis test at the multivariate level, and variance constraints, dimension reduction, and split-half reliability checks at the level of individual items. The results showed that (1) modality-general HEs involving sensory distortions (hearing voices/sounds, troubled by voices, everyday things look abnormal, sensations of presence/movement) were associated with more liberal auditory signal detection, and (2) HEs involving experiences of sensory overload and vivid images/imagery (viz., HEs for faces and intense daydreams) were associated with other-ear distraction and reduced laterality in dichotic listening. Based on these results, it is concluded that the overlap between HEs and cognition variables can be conceptualized as modality-general and bi-dimensional: one involving distortions, and the other involving overload or intensity.

scholarly journals Headwinds in sports sponsoring

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-552
Author(s):  
Pytrik Schafraad ◽  
Joost W.M. Verhoeven
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Integral Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sports Teams ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Crisis Situation ◽  
Sports Team ◽  
Factor Design ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of a crisis situation in a sports team on the credibility of their sponsor and how the sponsor’s use of various crises response strategies may repair the damage done to their credibility. Design/methodology/approach A scenario experiment was conducted with a 2 (pre-/post-crisis) × 4 (sponsor response strategy: denial/distancing/rebuild/no response) mixed factor design. Respondents (n=191) were recruited from a research panel. Findings The results confirmed the existence of a spill-over effect: the sponsor’s credibility dropped as a result of the crisis. More interestingly, the effects of the crisis on sponsor credibility were moderated by the response strategy of the sponsor: the harm that the crisis did to the sponsor credibility was aggravated by a denial strategy, but somewhat weakened by a diminishing strategy. A rebuild response unexpectedly improved the credibility of the sponsor. Practical implications While partnerships in sports can be risky, because crises can be contagious, such partners can also help one another to protect their credibility. Therefore, this study advocates an integral approach of crisis communication. Sponsors may improve their credibility when they frame their contribution to the solution to the problems as an authentic effort to do good. Originality/value Starting from an issue arena perspective, this contribution shows how crises in sports teams also affect sponsors and how sponsors can contribute to the restoration of the damaged credibility with suitable responses to the crisis situation.

Training Effects on Response Strategies in a Perceptual Motor Task

1985 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 755-758
Author(s):  
Jani Gabriel Byrne ◽  
Nancy S. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Early Performance

This study examined the influence of training on individual differences in time-sharing response strategies for a dual-task. Using early performance measures in a dual-task, subjects were classified on Day 1 as performing in either a simultaneous, alternating, or massed fashion. On Day 2, subjects received training instructions to either upgrade or maintain their particular response strategy. The results indicated that training was successful in the majority of the cases. Close inspection of performance revealed that subjects who were not able to achieve simultaneity had learned the dual-task response pattern, but were responding too slowly.

Debunking the myth of denial’s effectiveness in crisis communication: context matters

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Timothy Coombs ◽  
Sherry Jean Holladay ◽  
An-Sofie Claeys
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Crisis Response ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Organizational Reputation ◽  
Action Strategy ◽  
Positive Action

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the under-researched issue of how formal determinations of organizational responsibility for a crisis affect the effectiveness of the denial strategy in protecting organizational reputation. Because studies that omit later determinations of responsibility produce misleading representations of the value of denial, a pilot study and primary study investigated how later determinations of organizational culpability in a management misconduct crisis interact with crisis response strategies to affect reputation and anger. Design/methodology/approach Two studies used experimental designs to assess how denial interacted with determinations of crisis responsibility to influence reputation and anger. Findings The pilot study demonstrated reputational damage and stakeholder anger increased when an organization initially denied responsibility and then was found to be responsible for the crisis. The second study replicated the pilot study findings and also demonstrated that later determinations of guilt decreased reputation scores. When found guilty, the organization’s reputation was significantly more favorable when the positive action strategy was used. Comparison of three response strategies (no response, denial, and positive action) revealed the denial and no response conditions were significantly less effective than the positive response strategy when the organization was found guilty. Research limitations/implications Paper demonstrates the need for research on the denial strategy to consider later determinations of crisis responsibility (guilt) when assessing denial’s impact on organizational reputation. Practical implications When selecting response strategies in situations where crisis responsibility is unclear, practitioners should consider how later determinations of responsibility could affect reputation. Originality/value This paper questions past research on the value of the denial strategy, integrates findings from the trust violations research, and demonstrates the importance of considering formal judgments of organizational responsibility when selecting crisis response strategies.

Externalizing biases and hallucinations in source-monitoring, self-monitoring and signal detection studies: a meta-analytic review

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 2465-2475 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Brookwell ◽  
R. P. Bentall ◽  
F. Varese
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Contacting Authors

BackgroundCognitive models have postulated that auditory hallucinations arise from the misattribution of internally generated cognitive events to external sources. Several experimental paradigms have been developed to assess this externalizing bias in clinical and non-clinical hallucination-prone samples, including source-monitoring, verbal self-monitoring and auditory signal detection tasks. This meta-analysis aims to synthesize the wealth of empirical findings from these experimental studies.MethodA database search was carried out for reports between January 1985 and March 2012. Additional studies were retrieved by contacting authors and screening references of eligible reports. Studies were considered eligible if they compared either (i) hallucinating and non-hallucinating patients with comparable diagnoses, or (ii) non-clinical hallucination-prone and non-prone participants using source-monitoring, verbal self-monitoring or signal detection tasks, or used correlational analyses to estimate comparable effects.ResultsThe analysis included 15 clinical (240 hallucinating patients and 249 non-hallucinating patients) and nine non-clinical studies (171 hallucination-prone and 177 non-prone participants; 57 participants in a correlation study). Moderate-to-large summary effects were observed in both the clinical and analogue samples. Robust and significant effects were observed in source-monitoring and signal detection studies, but not in self-monitoring studies, possibly due to the small numbers of eligible studies in this subgroup. The use of emotionally valenced stimuli led to effects of similar magnitude to the use of neutral stimuli.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that externalizing biases are important cognitive underpinnings of hallucinatory experiences. Clinical interventions targeting these biases should be explored as possible treatments for clients with distressing voices.

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