FORMULATION OF POLY HERBAL NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR ANTI RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Novel herbal drug delivery system opens new vistas for delivery of herbal drugs at right place, at right concentration, for right period of time and also gives scientific angle to verify the standardization of herbal drug. Herbal Transdermal patches can develop valuable assessment and drug safety by additional site specific the way and temporal position in the body’s imperative to reduce the number and size of doses required to achieve the objective of systemic medication during topical application to the intact skin surface. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease of unknown cause. It is characterized by persistent inflammation that primarily affects the peripheral joints. In the present study, herbal transdermal patch was developed by using ethanolic extract of leaves of Cardiospermum halicacabum and rhizomes of Drynaria quercifolia that had already been widely used for the treatment of arthritis in conventional dosage forms. Evaluation of the developed patch for the effectiveness against RA was done by in vitro methods in terms of inhibition of albumin denaturation, measurement of Interleukin-6 cytokines by Enzyme-Linked Immuno Assay (ELISA). IC-50 value was determined from albumin denaturation inhibition assay. The herbal patch significantly and dosedependently inhibited Interleukin–6 cytokines. The present study revealed that the formulated polyherbal Transdermal patch will be the better drug of choice for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis as compared to the conventional dosage forms.

Calibrating the temporal and spatial dynamics of the Ediacaran - Cambrian radiation of animals

The Ediacaran-Cambrian transition, which incorporates the radiation of animals, lacks a robust global temporal and spatial framework, resulting in major uncertainty in the evolutionary dynamics of this critical radiation and its relationship to changes in palaeoenvironmental geochemistry. We first present a new δ13Ccarb composite reference curve for the Ediacaran Nama Group of southern Namibia, and we then outline four new possible global age models (A to D) for the interval 551-517 million years ago (Ma). These models comprise composite carbonate-carbon isotope (δ13Ccarb) curves, which are anchored to radiometric ages and consistent with strontium isotope chemostratigraphy, and are used to calibrate metazoan distribution in space and time. These models differ most prominently in the temporal position of the basal Cambrian negative δ13Ccarb excursion (BACE). Regions that host the most complete records show that the BACE nadir always predates the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary as defined by the first appearance datum (FAD) of the ichnospecies Treptichnus pedum. Whilst treptichnid traces are present in the late Ediacaran fossil record, the FAD of the ichnospecies T. pedum appears to post-date the LAD of in situ Cloudina and Namacalathus in all environments with high-resolution δ13Ccarb data. Two age models (A and B) place the BACE within the Ediacaran, and yield an age of ~538.8 Ma for the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary; however models C and D appear to be the most parsimonious and may support a recalibration of the boundary age by up to 3 Myr younger. All age models reveal a previously underappreciated degree of variability in the terminal Ediacaran, incorporating notable positive and negative excursions that precede the BACE. Nothwithstanding remaining uncertainties in chemostratigraphic correlation, all models support a pre-BACE first appearance of Cambrian-type shelly fossils in Siberia and possibly South China, and show that the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition was a protracted interval represented by a series of successive radiations.

The Hebb repetition effect in complex span tasks: Evidence for a shared learning mechanism with simple span tasks

The Hebb repetition effect on serial-recall task refers to the improvement in the accuracy of recall of a repeated list (e.g., repeated in every 3 trials) over random non-repeated lists. Previous research has shown that both temporal position and neighboring items need to be the same on each repetition list for the Hebb repetition effect to occur, suggesting chunking as one of its underlying mechanisms. Accordingly, one can expect absence of the Hebb repetition effect in a complex span task, given that the sequence is interrupted by distractors. Nevertheless, one study by Oberauer, Jones, and Lewandowsky (2015, Memory & Cognition, 43[6], 852–865) showed evidence of the Hebb repetition effect in a complex span task. Throughout four experiments, we confirmed the Hebb repetition effect in complex span tasks, even when we included distractors in both encoding and recall phases to avoid any resemblance to a simple span task and minimized the possibility of chunking. Results showed that the Hebb repetition effect was not affected by the distractors during encoding and recall. A transfer cycle analysis showed that the long-term knowledge acquired in the complex span task can be transferred to a simple span task. These findings provide the first insights on the mechanism behind the Hebb repetition effect in complex span tasks; it is at least partially based on the same mechanism that improves recall performance by repetition in simple span tasks.

Fault simulation in networks with isolated neutral to find the fault location in power transmission lines

The paper deals with an urgent problem - determining the location of damage to an overhead power transmission line. In particular, the application of the wavelet transform is considered, which makes it possible to localize the temporal position of the frequencies and to determine the time interval of the presence of the frequency in the event of damage to the power line. The paper presents a mathematical model that makes it possible to determine the amplitude-frequency spectrum, by which it is possible to determine the presence of a certain frequency in the signal under study, by which it is possible to determine the fault location. Based on the wavelet transform, the spectra of the current and voltage in the damaged phase in the isolated neutral mode are obtained. It is shown that when the neutral mode is switched, there are no dangerous overvoltage or current surges in the network, and the overvoltage level is reduced.

Optical solitons for the Kaup–Newell equation by collective variables method

In this work, we present a collective variable (CV) approach to establish dispersive solitary wave solutions for the Kaup–Newell Equation (KNE). The full CV theory has been utilized to enunciate the soliton molecules through its ground-laying parameters including the power of each pulse, phase and center-of-mass. Additionally, the dynamics of an ultra short pulse has been analyzed by using CV. This work may be utilized for various dynamics of solitons as well as the influence the amplitude, temporal position, frequency, phase and chirp on the solitons’ nonlinear parameters. Moreover, the numerical simulations have been designed by means of appropriate parameter values to explain more on the obtained results.

Action-Depicting Gestures and Morphosyntax: The Function of Gesture-Speech Alignment in the Conversational Turn

The current study examines the role of action-depicting gestures in conversational turns by focusing on their semantic characteristics and temporal position in relation to their verbal affiliates (action verbs or more complex verb phrases). The data are video recordings of naturally occurring interactions in multilingual construction sites in Norway. The analysis distinguishes two modes of action depiction: generic depictions, which represent the action as a general type, and contextualized depictions, which in addition include deictic references to the spatio-material environment or iconic representations of the specific manner of action performance. These two modes typically occupy different positions in the turn. Generic depictions are mostly initiated before the verbalization of the action or are synchronized with it, while contextualized depictions mostly start simultaneously with the verbalization and extend beyond the verb phrase or the turn. The pre-positioned and synchronized generic gestures are shown to serve as a practice for facilitating recognition of the verbalized action and may be temporally manipulated in order to pre-empt understanding problems in the face of reduced common linguistic resources. The post-positioned contextualized depictions serve instead to add specifying information about aspects of the action referred to and thereby to complement or supplement the meaning of the verb phrase, securing understanding of action specifics. The study contributes to research on gesture-speech synchrony by demonstrating how variation in the alignment of action depiction and syntax is used to direct the recipient’s attention toward different interactional goals.

A direct comparison of attentional orienting to spatial and temporal positions in visual working memory

Different visual attributes effectively guide attention to specific items in visual working memory (VWM), ensuring that particularly important memory contents are readily available. Predictable temporal structures contribute to this efficient use of VWM: items are prospectively prioritized when they are expected to be needed. Occasionally, however, visual events only gain relevance through their timing after they have passed. We investigated retrospective attentional orienting based on temporal position by directly comparing it with orienting to spatial locations, which is typically considered the most powerful selection mechanism. In a colour-change-detection task, in which items appeared sequentially at different locations, symbolic number cues validly indicated the temporal or spatial location of the upcoming probe item either before encoding (precues; Experiment 1) or during maintenance (retrocues; Experiments 1–3). Temporal and spatial cues were physically identical and only differed in their mapping onto either temporal or spatial positions. Predictive cues yielded cueing benefits (i.e., higher accuracy and shorter reaction times) as compared with neutral cues, with larger benefits for precues than for retrocues. Importantly, spatial and temporal cueing benefits did not differ. Equivalent retrocueing benefits were also observed across different cue-probe intervals and irrespective of whether spatial or temporal position was used as retrieval cue, indicating that items were directly bound to temporal position and not prioritized via a space-based mechanism. These findings show that spatial and temporal properties can be used equally well to flexibly prioritise representations held in VWM and they highlight the functional similarities of space and time in VWM.

Novel Optical Solitons to the Perturbed Gerdjikov-Ivanov Equation Via Collective Variables

The objective of this research is to study the collective variable (CV) technique to explore an important form of Schrödinger equation known as the Gerdjikov-Ivanov (GI) equation which expresses the dynamics of solitons for optical fibers in terms of pulse parameters. These parameters are temporal position, amplitude, width, chirp, phase, and frequency known as collective variables (CVs). This is an effective and dynamic mathematical gadget to obtain soliton solutions of non-dimensional as well as perturbed GI equations. Moreover, an established numerical scheme that is the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is exerted for the numerical simulation of the revealing coupled system of six ordinary differential equations which represent all the CVs included in the pulse ansatz. The CV approach is used to determine the evolution of pulse parameters with the propagation distance and illustrated it illustrated it graphically. Furthermore, Figures show the compelling periodic oscillations of pulse chirp, width, frequency and amplitude of soliton. For various values of super-Gaussian pulse parameters, the numerical behavior of solitons to illustrate variations in CVs is provided. Other significant aspects with regards to the current investigation are also inferred.